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1. Infection & Immunity > Enteric Gram-neg (part 2) > Flashcards

Enteric Gram-neg (part 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Genus Salmonella

A

Doesn’t ferment lactose, produces H2S
Motile by peritrichous flagella
O, H and Vi antigens

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2
Q

Which two species of salmonella aren’t motile?

A

S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum

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3
Q

Vi antigen

A

Isn’t anti-phagocytic
Important virulence factor for S. Typhi

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4
Q

How many serotypes of salmonella are there?

A

Over 2200, named after the city they were isolated (S. Hartford, S. Newport, etc.)

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5
Q

How many serovars are there?

A

Nearly 2500 based on Kauffman-White scheme
H and O antigens determine the serovars

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6
Q

S. enterica

A

Divided into 7 subspecies causing disease in humans and other warm-blood animals

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7
Q

What are the subspecies of S. enterica?

A

S. Typhimurium (humans), Typhi (poultry), Enteritidis, Abortusovis, Choleraesuis, Dublin (cattle, young animals), Gallinarum and Pullorum

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8
Q

Where are S. enterica found?

A

Gi of warm and cold-blood animals

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9
Q

Are animals within S. enterica host adapted?

A

Some: Abortus-equi, abortus-ovis, choleraesuis in swine
Some aren’t: Newport, Anatum, Typhimurium

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10
Q

S. enterica transmission

A

Fecal-oral route
Infection depends on type of species, host immune status and infectious dose

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11
Q

Clinical manifestation of Salmonellosis

A

Diarrhea
BUT depending on the strain and dose it may manifest septicemia

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12
Q

Host factors of S. enterica

A

Age, immune status, concurrent disease, composition of normal flora (provide resistance to colonization)

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13
Q

Pathogenesis of S.enterica

A
  1. Adhesion to intestinal epith.
  2. Invasion via M CELLS OF PEYER’S PATCHES (ileum)
  3. Intestine and epith. cells engulfment OR directly taken up by DENDRITIC cells from submucosa
  4. Salmonella localized within the salmonella containing vacuums in cytoplasm
  5. SCVs transytose salmonella cells to submucosa
  6. Salmonella internalized within phagocytes (in SCV)
  7. Infected phagocytes disseminate through lymph and bloodstream –> SEPTICEMIA
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14
Q

What are young animals prone to with salmonellosis?

A

Enteritis and septicemia form

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15
Q

What are adut animals prone to with salmonellosis?

A

Acute enteritis
Chronic enteritis (in growing pigs and occasionally in cattle)
Pregnant animals may abort (septicemia)

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16
Q

Salmonellosis in dogs and cats

A

Infrequent and characterized by acute diarrhea

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17
Q

Disease patterns of salmonellosis

A

Intestinal lesions of fibrinosuppurative nercotizing and hemorrhagic inflammation of distal small intestine (common in cattle and swine)
Multifocal liver necrosis

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18
Q

Disease patterns in the septicemic form of salmonellosis

A

Fibrinoid change in BVs, vasculitis, thromboembolism, hemorrhage and infaracts

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19
Q

Salmonellosis in ruminants

A

Affects neonatal, young and adult cattle
Septicemic or limited to enteritis
Calves may have pneumonia (S. Dublin)
S. Dublin, Newport and Typhimurium are commonly isolated from cattle

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20
Q

Salmonellosis in swine

A

Acute, fulminating septicemia or chronic debilitating disease
With septicemic S. Choleraesuis: enlarged spleen (hypermia), dark blue ears (thrombosis) and venous congestion
S. typhimurium and S. choleraesuis predominant

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21
Q

Salmonellosis in horses

A

Diarrhea with occasional septicemia
Colic, GI surgery and antimicrobial agent
S. Typhimurium and S. Anatum are common isolates

22
Q

Salmonellosis in poultry

A

Paratyphoid
Pullorum disease
Fowl typhoid

23
Q

Paratyphoid

A

Caused by motile serovars in first 2 weeks of life presented by septicemia
True paratyphoid caused by S. paratyphi in humans

24
Q

Pullorum disease

A

Causes by S. pullorum
Eradicated from the US
Infects ova of chicken and turkey so embyro infected when egg is hatched
Chickens 2-3 weeks of age die to septicemia

25
Fowl typhoid
Caused by S. Gallinarum Acute and chronic disease of domesticated adult chicken Rare in the US
26
Competitive flora
Competitive flora helps reduces the #s of Salmonella by competeing for nutrients, masking receptors and producing toxic compounds --> COMPETITIVE EXCLUSION
27
Diagnosis of salmonella
Fecal sample in intestinal and blood systemic salmonellosis for culture (MacConkey and XLD) PCR
28
Treatment for salmonellosis
Enteric: Nursing Septicemic: nursing care and antibiotics Endotoxemia: administering serum with Abs to the core LPS (endotoxin)
29
Control and prevention of salmonellosis
Monitor breeder flocks Public health and hygiene to prevent human salmonellosis Competitive exclusion
30
Genus Yersinia
Gram-neg, cocco-bacilli Most species flagellated @ ambient temp 7 species: Y. pestis, ruckeri, enterocolitica, pseudotuberculosis, intermedia, kristensenii, frederikensii
31
Y. Pestis
Non-motile and resembles safety pin of Wright's Giemsa or Wayson stains Causes plague (rodent based zoonotic)
32
Which animals are infected with Yersinia naturally?
Lagomorphs, felids, canids, mustelids and ungulates
33
How is the Yersinia disease manifested?
Local lymphadentits (bubonic plague) Pneumonia (pneumonic plague) Septicemia (speticemic plague) Sylvatic plague transmitted by arthropod bite
34
Cat & the plague
Fleas bite via lymphatic, regional LN Nodular necrosis, suppuration, hemorrhage, edema, fibrin, acute necrotizing inflammation Bubonic form most common Pneumonic plague via inhalation of aerosol Feline plague is rapidly progressing febrile illness
35
Bubonic plague in europe
1352 25 million dead Killed 40% of european pop in 14th century 10 million in asia in first half of 20th century
36
Plague based weapon
Category A biological agent Weapon delievered by aerosol --> severe acquired pneumonia Pestis: septic shock and death without early treatment
37
Plague in the USA
Endemic in western USA causes servile human cases annually (reemerging zoonotic) Humans get it from fleabite, aerosol or infected cats
38
Y. pseudotubersulosis
Rodent pathogen that causes abdominal pain in humans without diarrhea Starlings, grackles and other birds are reservoirs, dogs and cats infected via predation
39
Pseudotuberculosis
In guinea pigs, cats and turkeys In small animals, begins as a caseous abscess in mesenteric LN spreading to liver, spleen, etc.
40
Y. enterocolitica
Psychorphilic organism that has mediated infection via blood transfusion Humans: high or low virulence Several thousand cases of food-borne illness in US Zoonotic
41
Y. enterocolitica in swine
Principal reservoir for virulent strains of Y. enterocolitica (from tonsils and tongues of healthy animals)
42
Y. ruckeri
Red-mouth of salmon and trout Responsible for fatal piscine septicemia
43
Diagnosis of Yersinia
History Gram stain -flourescent Ab test of F1 Ag PCR and DNA sequencing CIN selective media and cold enrichment for Y. enterocolitica
44
Prevention and control of Yersinia
Rapid antibiotic therapy (plague) Streptomycin for human, gentamycin and tetracycline Hospitalize pneumonic animals Flea and rodent control F1 and V subunit vx Cleaning and cooking pork
45
Genus Klebsiella characteristics
Gram-neg bacilli, short, non-motile, capsulate Opportunistic 3 species: K. pneomoniae, oxytoca, granulomatis
46
K. pneumoniae subspecies
Pneumoniae, ozaenae and rhinoscleromatis (animal pathogens)
47
Genus Klebsiella disease
Common in nature, surface water, sewage, soil and plant material Commensals of mammalian intestinal tract
48
What is KNN associated with?
Bovine mastitis, equine mastitis, navel ill/ joint ill, neonatal sepitcemia in foals calves and kids Acquire extended spectrum of B-actaase resistance
49
Common characteristic of KNN and K. oxytoca
Opportunistic of equine repro tract and important of birds
50
Pathogenesis of Genus Klebsiella
Virulence factors: capsule, endotoxin and adhesions
51
Diagnosis Genus Klebsiella
Muccoid colonies are indicative of capsule production
52
Genus Klebsiella prevention and control
Don't bed animals on sawdust or wood shavings Improved hand washing and sterilization to prevent nosocomial infection

1. Infection & Immunity (19 decks)

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