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1. Infection & Immunity > Mycology > Flashcards

Mycology Flashcards

1
Q

What do anti-fungal drugs target?

A

Ergosterol synthesis pathway and beta (1,3) glucan synthase

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2
Q

Fungal cell characteristics

A

Eukaryotes
Cell wall has glucan and chitin
Cell membrane contains sterols with phospholipid bilayer

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3
Q

___________ is the study of fungi

A

Mycology

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4
Q

Who is susceptible to mycoses

A

Critically ill and immunosuppressed patients with central vasc. catheters

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5
Q

Characteristics of fungi of clinical importance

A

Hyphae or pseudohyphae (septate, aseptate/ coenocytic, smooth, rough, branched)
Yeast (budding)
Conidia (macro or micro)

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6
Q

What does fungi grow as in the lab?

A

Mold or yeast on Sabouraud’s Dextrose Agar (SDA)

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7
Q

Dermal, SubQ species of pathogenic fungi

A

Microsporum species (M. canis)
Trichophyton (T. verrucosum)
Malassezia pachydermatis
Sporothrix schenkii (SQ)

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8
Q

Systemic species of pathogenic fungi

A

Histoplasma capsulatum
Blastomyces dermatitidis
Coccidiodes immitis
Cryptococcus neoformans (mold, monomorphic, opportunistic)

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9
Q

Opportunistic species of pathogenic fungi

A

Aspergillus fumigatus (mold, monomorphic, opportunistic)
Candida albicans and C. auris

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10
Q

Zygomycetes

A

Mucor, absidia, mortierella, rhizopus species
Multiple forms, opportunistic, specific situations, not common

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11
Q

________ is not a true fungus, but a fungus-like

A

Pythium insidiosum

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12
Q

Dermatomycoses

A

Ringworm
Trichophyton (verrucosum- cattle, rubrum- human, mentagrophytes- horse)
Microsporum (canis and equinum)

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13
Q

Non-dermatophytes

A

Malassezia pachydermatis and M. nana

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14
Q

Dermatophytes lab growth conditions

A

Dermatophyte test medium (DTM)
SDA agar
T. verrucosum @ 37C

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15
Q

Dermatophytes dx

A

Wood’s lamp (M. canis)- fluorescence
Hair/ skin microscopy
Culutre and ID (conidia)
KOH mount (ectotrix formation, arthropsores)

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16
Q

Malassezia and otitis/ dermatitis characteristics

A

Oval to cylindrical yeast
Normal flora in ear canal
Opportunistic and peanut shaped

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17
Q

Malassezia host related factors

A

Excess wax, high humidity, hairy, pendulous ears, dermatitis, etc.

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18
Q

The CS show by Malassezia is …

A

Lichenified skin (elephant skin)

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19
Q

Sporotrichiosis

A

“Rose-gardener disease”
Cause by S. schekii (dimorphic, SQ invasive mycosis)
North and South America

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20
Q

S. schenkii colony growth

A

Small white with no cottony aerial hyphae → becomes moist, wrinkled, leathery and darkens to brown or black

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21
Q

S. schenkii in culture/ extracellular

A

Septate, thin, branching hyphae, slender tapering conidiophores (mold)
Conidia: pear shaped rosette cluster

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22
Q

S. schenkii in tissue

A

Round oval fusiform budding (cigar bodies) - yeast

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23
Q

Histoplasma, Blastomyces, Coccidiodes characteristics

A

Thermally dimorphic
Inhalation
Many organ systems: mucocutaenous ulcers draining tracts + interal organs

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24
Q

Histoplasma

A

H. capsulatum capsulatum in N. America
Only intracellular localization fungus in host macros

25
Q

Histoplasmosis distribution

A

Ohion and Mississippi river valleys (TN, MS, OH, MO, St. Lawrence river basins)

26
Q

Histoplasmosis transmission

A

Humid environments with nitrogenous soils contaminated with bird or bat droppings (chicken coops, shed feathers, starling roosts)

27
Q

Blastomycosis

A

B. dermatitidis
Yeast form: broad based budding
Lungs and associated LNs

28
Q

Blastomycoses distribution

A

Upper mid-western and souther US along St. Lawrence river

29
Q

Blastomycosis CS

A

No asymptomatic colonization
Hematogenous to skin, bones, UT, CNS
Cornea, retinal detachment and glaucomatous

30
Q

Untreated blastomycosis is __________

A

FATAL (80%)

31
Q

Coccidioides

A

Valley fever, CA fever, San Joaquin Valley fever, desert rheaumatism causes by C. immitis

32
Q

C. immitis growth

A

25C and37C filamentous
38-40C spherule/ tissue form
Athrospores formed in 1-2 weeks

33
Q

Coccidioides CS

A

In tissue or body fluids: large, round, thick walled spherules with endospores

34
Q

Coccidiodomycosis (Valley Fever)

A

Desert/ semi arid areas of SW US and northern Mexico, Central and S. America

35
Q

Lab Dx for Histoplasma, Blastomyces, Coccidiodes

A

Direct exam
Latex agglutination test
Immunofluorescence
Serology (Agar gel immunodiffusion)

36
Q

What other fungal organisms can be found with AGID

A

Aspergillus, candida, paracoccidioides, farmers lung (hypersensitivity pneumonitis)

37
Q

Crytococcal Ag lateral flow assay

A

Immunochromatographic test system for detection of capsular polysacc, Ags in serum and CSF

38
Q

Cryptococcosis

A

Encapsulated yeast
C. neofromans
Found in soil, esp. with pigeon guano
Inhalation from environment

39
Q

Cryptococcosis CS

A

Self-limiting lung infection
Pulmonary: pneumonia, dry cough, dyspnoea
Entrapulmonary: meningitis, skin lesions

40
Q

Aspergillus growth

A

Colonies are white → yellow, green, brown, black
Velvety or cottony texture

41
Q

Aspergillus physical characteristics

A

Septate hyphae, unbranched conidiophore (foot cells), vescicles
Chains of round conidia

42
Q

Aspergillosis

A

Ubiquitous molds grown in decating debris (A. fumingatus)
Inhalation

43
Q

Aspergillosis pathogensis

A

Spores colonize airway (asymptomatic) → local inflammatory response → lethal invasive infection

44
Q

Candida

A

Yeast, opportunistic
Normal inhabitant of the the upper GI tract and moist skin folds

45
Q

Candidiasis importance

A

Most common blood isolate
Grows in body yeast as pseudophyphae
C. albicans most common

46
Q

Candida auris

A

Drug-resistant, spreads in healthcare facilities (anti-fungals don’t work!!)

47
Q

Pythiosis (Swamp cancer)

A

FL horse leeches, Canckers, Ferida da Moda…
Caused by Phythium insidiosum
GIT and cutaneous forms

48
Q

Pythiosis distribution

A

Wetland regions: gulf coast and south eastern states

49
Q

Pythiosis CS

A

Motile endospores that affect lower extremities (skin) and ingested with contaminated water
Granulomatous ulcerative disease

50
Q

___________ is causes by Pseudogymnoaocus destructans

A

White-nose syndrome
worst wildlife diseases, killed millions of bats

51
Q

Zygomycosis

A

Commonly abundant saprophytic zygomycetes Mortierella, Absidia, mucor and Rhizopus
Aseptate, hyphae, grow rapidly

52
Q

Zygomycosis in domestic animals

A

Gastritis and abortion in bovines
Mycotic abortion and placentitis (ruminants)
Guttural pouch and cervico-uterine infection (horses)
Cutaneous disease, mastitis, pneumonia

53
Q

Zygomycosis dissemination

A

Fatal because of angio-invasion and thrombosis

54
Q

Zygomycosis in humans

A

Diabetes is a high-risk predisposing factor

55
Q

Polyene drugs

A

Amphotericin B, nyastatin
Ergosterol is the target

56
Q

Imidiazole drugs

A

-azole group
Ketaoconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole
Ergosterol synthesis is the target

57
Q

5-fluorocytocine

A

DNA synthesis inhibitor

58
Q

Griseofulvin

A

Binds tubulin
Interference with fungal cells mitosis and concdentrated in the epithelium
Teratogenic

59
Q

Terbinafine

A

Ergosterfol synthesis inhibitor

1. Infection & Immunity (19 decks)

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