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adults > neuro: anatomical and physiologic overview > Flashcards

neuro: anatomical and physiologic overview Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two major parts of the nervous system

A

central nervous system
peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

what is the function of the nervous system

A

control motor, sensory, autonomic, cognitive, and behavioral activities

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3
Q

whats included in the central nervous system

A

brain, neurons, spinal cord

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4
Q

whats a neuron

A

cells of the nervous system, primary functioning unit

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5
Q

what are dendrites

A

receive elctrochemical messages from the neuron

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6
Q

whats an axon

A

carries impulses away from cells

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7
Q

name some neurotransmitters

A
  • acetylcholine
  • serotonin
  • dopamine
  • norepinephrine
  • gamma-aminobutyric acid
  • enkephalin/endorphin
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8
Q

describe acetylcholine

A
  • main neurotransmitter of parasympathetic nervous system
  • excitatory
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9
Q

describe serotonin

A
  • inhibitory
  • helps control mood and sleep
  • inhibits pain pathways
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10
Q

describe dopamine

A
  • inhibitory
  • associated with fine motor movement and emotions
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11
Q

describe norepineprhine

A
  • main transmitter of the sympathetic nervous system
  • excitatory
  • affects mood and activity
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12
Q

describe gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

A
  • inhibitory
  • calms nerves down
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13
Q

describe enkrphalin/endorphin

A
  • excitatory
  • associated with pleasurable sensation
  • inhibits pain transmission
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14
Q

what are the three major areas of the brain

A
  • cerebrum
  • brain stem
  • cerebellum
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15
Q

what are the four lobes of the cerebrum

A
  • frontal
  • parietal
  • temporal
  • occipital
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16
Q

describe the frontal lobe

A
  • major functions include concentration, abstract thought, info storage/memory, and motor function
  • also responsible for a persons affect, personality, and inhibition
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17
Q

describe the parietal lobe

A
  • analyzes sensory info and relays it to other areas
  • essential to a persons awareness of body position in space, size, and shape discrimination
  • left and right orientation
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18
Q

descrieb the temporal lobe

A
  • contains the auditory receptive area
  • plays a role in memory of souns and understanding language and music
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19
Q

describe the occipital lobe

A

responsible for visual interpretation and memory

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20
Q

whats included in the brain stem

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla
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21
Q

describe what the brain stem does

A
  • contains sensory and motor pathways and serves as the center for auditory and visual reflexes
  • caintains reflex centers for respiration, blood pressure, heart rate, coughing, vomiting, swallowing, and sneezing
22
Q

describe the cerebellum

A
  • integrates sensory information to provide smooth coordinated movement
  • associated with balance, positioning, posture, and proprioception
23
Q

describe ascending pathways in the spinal cord

A

carry signals to the brain

24
Q

describe descending pathways in the spinal cord

A

carries signals from the brain

25
Q

what are the four segments of the spinal cord

A
  • cervical
  • thoracic
  • lumbar
  • sacral
26
Q

what does the thalamus do

A

relay all sensory information except for smell

27
Q

what does the hypothalamus do

A
  • plays an important role in the endocrine system
  • hormone regulation, works with pituitary
28
Q

what are some structures protecting the brain

A
  • cranium (8 bones) and vertebral column (33 vertebrae)
  • meninges - 3 layers - anchor the spinal cord
29
Q

what are the three layers of the meninges

A
  • dura mater
  • arachnoid
  • pia mater
30
Q

describe dura mater

A
  • the outermost layer
  • covers the brain and the spinal cord
31
Q

describe arachnoid

A
  • middle membrane, resembles a spider web
  • CSF stores in the subarachnoid space
32
Q

describe pia mater

A

thin layer that hugs the brain

33
Q

describe CSF

A

colorless fluid produced in the ventricles and circulates around the surface of the brain and spinal cord

34
Q

how many ventricles are in the brain

A

4

35
Q

describe cerebral circulation

A
  • the brain gets about 15% of CO
  • has arteries and veins… duh
36
Q

what type of meds can cross the blood brain barrier

A

lipophilic

37
Q

what does the spinal cord do

A

responsible for impulse conduction

38
Q

what does the vertebral column do

A

protect the spinal cord

39
Q

describe the spinal nerves (31 pairs)

just some numbers

A
  • 8 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 sacral
  • 1 coccygeal
40
Q

what are the two parts of the autonomic nervous system

A
  • sympathetic (fight ot flight)
  • parasympathetic (rest and digest)
41
Q

whats included in the neuro assessment

A
  • health history (current health and common symptoms)
  • physical assessment
  • past medical history
  • past surgical history
  • social history
  • family health history
42
Q

whats included in the physical neuro assessment

A
  • assessing consciousness/cognition
  • examining cranial nerves
  • examining motor system
  • examining sensory system
  • examining reflexes
  • reveier of systems -symptoms may be subtle or intense
43
Q

what are some normal reflexes

A
  • deep tendon relexes
  • superficial reflexes
44
Q

describe deep tendon reflexes

A
  • muscle stretch, hit em with a hammer
  • biceps, triceps, brachioradialis, patellar, achilles, clonus
45
Q

describe superficial reflexes

A
  • cutaneous
  • includes corneal, gaga, perianal, shiver, blinking
46
Q

name some pathologic reflexes and describe them

A

seen with presence of neurological probs, normal for babies but not for adults

babinski: sole of foot stroked, toes fan out and draw back
snout: lip pursing in response to touching the lips
rooting: touch side of face, look for the nip
grasp: “palmar” grasp in response to touching the palm
suck: sucking motions in response to touching the lips

47
Q

name some different gerontologic considerations to take with the neurological system

A
  • structure and physiologic changes
  • motor alterations
  • sensory alterations
  • temp regulation and pain perception
  • mental status
48
Q

gerontologic considerations

structural and physiologic changes

A
  • decrease # of synapses and neurotransmitters -> slowed response time
  • decreased cerebral blood flow and metabolism -> slower mental functions
  • myelin is lost -> decreased conduction velocity
  • proprioceptive pathway degeneration -> balance difficulties
  • hypothalamic function is modified and stage IV sleep is reduced
49
Q

gerontologic considerations

motor alterations

A
  • reduction in muscle, atrophy
  • decreased strength and ability
  • gait is often slowed and wide based
  • difficulties maintaining balance
50
Q

gerontologic considerations

sensory alterations

A
  • tactile sensation dulled
  • sensitivity to glare, decreased peripheral vision, and constricted visual field, especially hard time at night
  • loss of hearing
  • decreased sense of taste
  • decreased sense of smell
51
Q

gerontologic considerations

temp regulation and pain perception

A
  • old people are cold
  • reaction to painful stimuli may be decreased with age
52
Q

gerontologic considerations

mental status

A
  • not a normal part of aging
  • delirium is an acute confused state and can be present with CNS damage

adults (51 decks)

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