musculoskeletal overview Flashcards
name some bones
- long (femur, humerus)
- short (tarsals)
- irregular (vertebrae, jaw)
- flat (sternum)
does each bone have a purpose
yes
describe composition of bones
- made of cells, proteins, and minerals
- has periossium which nourishes the bone and the tendons and ligaments attach to it
- also has endossium which is the vascular membrane that covers the bone marrow cavity
what does the bone marrow make
- RBCs
- WBCs
- platelets
describe bone maintenance and healing
- constant state of turnover (remodeling)
- resorption (removal/destruction)
- calcium and vitamin D are important
- hormones are important
what factors may influence bone resorption
- physical activity (weight bearing)
- diet (Ca+)
- hormones
what hormones have roles in bone maintenacne and healing
- PTH
- calcitonin
- calcitriol
- thyroid hormone
- cortisol
- growth hormone
- test and estrogen
what does PTH do
- increases serum calcium
- moves calcium from bone to the blood
- promotes demineralization of bone
what does calcitonin do
- decreases serum calcium
- inhibits bone resorption
- takes it from the blood and puts it in the bone
what does calcitriol do
- this shit is just vitamin D but theyre not calling it that and its confusing
- it increases Ca+ in the blood by promoting absorption of it in GI
what does thyroid hormone do
too much increases bone resoprtion
what does cortisol do
too much fucks the bones
what does growth hormone do
helps accelerate bone growth
what do test and estrogen do
needed to enhance bone strength
whats included in the articular system
- articulation aka the joints (fibrous, catilaginous, and synovial)
- joint capsules (covers end of bones - synovial fluid)
- ligaments and tendons (bind articular bones together)
- bursa (cushions tendons, ligaments, bones)
ligaments bind what together
bone to bone
tendons bind what together
muscle to bone
important terms
flaccid
without tone
important terms
spastic
greater then normal tone
important terms
atonic
soft and flabby
important terms
hypertrophy
- increase in size of muscle fibers
- exercise and weightlifting
important terms
atrophy
- decrease in size of muscle
- immobility and bed rest
describe musculoskeletal system of the older adult
- pain and joint limitations
- loss of height
- thinned vertebral discs
- compressed intervertebral bodies
- metabolic changes
- collagen support fails
- loss of muscular strength
- mobility disorders
- grief over loss of independence
whats kyphosis
forward curvature of the spine
whats lordosis
exaggerated curvature of the lumbar spine
whats scoliosis
lateral curvature of the spine
whats arthography used for
To identify cause of pain
Determine progression of joint disease
Contrast agent into joint cavity
Joint ROM while x-ray series obtained
whats arthroscopy used for
- Visualize joint w/ fiber optic endoscope
- To dx joint disorders
- Can biopsy
- Can treat tears, defects & disease processes
- Sterile procedure until local or general anesthesia
whats arthocentesis
- Obtain sample of synovial fluid from joint
- Can dx inflammatory arthropathies
- Exam fluid
- Relieve pain from effusion
- Look for hemarthrosis
- Synovial fluid (Clear, pale, straw colored)
- Aseptic technique
what are X-ray, CT, and MRI used for
- Bone density, texture, erosion, bone changes
- Reveal fluid, irregularity, spur formation, narrowing / changes of join
whats CT used for
With or without contrast
Visualize tumors, soft tissue injury, ligaments & Tendons, trauma
whats MRI used for
Visualize & assess torn muscles, ligaments & Cartilage
Assess & dx herniated disc, hip & pelvic conditions
whats an EMG used for
Assess electrical potential of muscles / nerves
Evaluate weakness, pain & disability
Needle electrodes into muscles
Warm compresses post procedure
whats bone densitometry used for
to test BMD through xrays and US
whats a bone scan used for
Used to detect tumors (metastatic & primary)
Osteomyelitis & DDD
Radioisotope through IV, scan 2-3 hours after
Areas of abnormal bone will appear brighter
what are some nursing considerations for MSK diagnostics
- Patient must lie still (MRI)
- Discuss MRI
- contraindications?
- Allergies / Contraindications to contrast agents?
- Discomfort
- Post diagnostic care
what lab studies might be used for MSK system
- calcium: altered in osteomalacia, parathyroid dysfunction, prolonged immobilization
- ALP: found throughot the body, concentrated in liver, bones, and GI
- parathyroid studies (PTH, calcitonin, vit D): evaluate bone metabolism
- CK and AST: elevated with muscle damage
- urine calcium: increased with bone destruction
