musculoskeletal overview Flashcards
1
Q
name some bones
A
- long (femur, humerus)
- short (tarsals)
- irregular (vertebrae, jaw)
- flat (sternum)
2
Q
does each bone have a purpose
A
yes
3
Q
describe composition of bones
A
- made of cells, proteins, and minerals
- has periossium which nourishes the bone and the tendons and ligaments attach to it
- also has endossium which is the vascular membrane that covers the bone marrow cavity
4
Q
what does the bone marrow make
A
- RBCs
- WBCs
- platelets
5
Q
describe bone maintenance and healing
A
- constant state of turnover (remodeling)
- resorption (removal/destruction)
- calcium and vitamin D are important
- hormones are important
6
Q
what factors may influence bone resorption
A
- physical activity (weight bearing)
- diet (Ca+)
- hormones
7
Q
what hormones have roles in bone maintenacne and healing
A
- PTH
- calcitonin
- calcitriol
- thyroid hormone
- cortisol
- growth hormone
- test and estrogen
8
Q
what does PTH do
A
- increases serum calcium
- moves calcium from bone to the blood
- promotes demineralization of bone
9
Q
what does calcitonin do
A
- decreases serum calcium
- inhibits bone resorption
- takes it from the blood and puts it in the bone
10
Q
what does calcitriol do
A
- this shit is just vitamin D but theyre not calling it that and its confusing
- it increases Ca+ in the blood by promoting absorption of it in GI
11
Q
what does thyroid hormone do
A
too much increases bone resoprtion
12
Q
what does cortisol do
A
too much fucks the bones
13
Q
what does growth hormone do
A
helps accelerate bone growth
14
Q
what do test and estrogen do
A
needed to enhance bone strength
15
Q
whats included in the articular system
A
- articulation aka the joints (fibrous, catilaginous, and synovial)
- joint capsules (covers end of bones - synovial fluid)
- ligaments and tendons (bind articular bones together)
- bursa (cushions tendons, ligaments, bones)
16
Q
ligaments bind what together
A
bone to bone
17
Q
tendons bind what together
A
muscle to bone
18
Q
important terms
flaccid
A
without tone
19
Q
important terms
spastic
A
greater then normal tone
20
Q
important terms
atonic
A
soft and flabby
21
Q
important terms
hypertrophy
A
- increase in size of muscle fibers
- exercise and weightlifting
22
Q
important terms
atrophy
A
- decrease in size of muscle
- immobility and bed rest
23
Q
describe musculoskeletal system of the older adult
A
- pain and joint limitations
- loss of height
- thinned vertebral discs
- compressed intervertebral bodies
- metabolic changes
- collagen support fails
- loss of muscular strength
- mobility disorders
- grief over loss of independence
24
Q
whats kyphosis
A
forward curvature of the spine
25
whats lordosis
exaggerated curvature of the lumbar spine
26
whats scoliosis
lateral curvature of the spine
27
whats arthography used for
To identify cause of pain
Determine progression of joint disease
Contrast agent into joint cavity
Joint ROM while x-ray series obtained
28
whats arthroscopy used for
- Visualize joint w/ fiber optic endoscope
- To dx joint disorders
- Can biopsy
- Can treat tears, defects & disease processes
- Sterile procedure until local or general anesthesia
29
whats arthocentesis
- Obtain sample of synovial fluid from joint
- Can dx inflammatory arthropathies
- Exam fluid
- Relieve pain from effusion
- Look for hemarthrosis
- Synovial fluid (Clear, pale, straw colored)
- Aseptic technique
30
what are X-ray, CT, and MRI used for
- Bone density, texture, erosion, bone changes
- Reveal fluid, irregularity, spur formation, narrowing / changes of join
31
whats CT used for
With or without contrast
Visualize tumors, soft tissue injury, ligaments & Tendons, trauma
32
whats MRI used for
Visualize & assess torn muscles, ligaments & Cartilage
Assess & dx herniated disc, hip & pelvic conditions
33
whats an EMG used for
Assess electrical potential of muscles / nerves
Evaluate weakness, pain & disability
Needle electrodes into muscles
Warm compresses post procedure
34
whats bone densitometry used for
to test BMD through xrays and US
35
whats a bone scan used for
Used to detect tumors (metastatic & primary)
Osteomyelitis & DDD
Radioisotope through IV, scan 2-3 hours after
Areas of abnormal bone will appear brighter
36
what are some nursing considerations for MSK diagnostics
- Patient must lie still (MRI)
- Discuss MRI
- contraindications?
- Allergies / Contraindications to contrast agents?
- Discomfort
- Post diagnostic care
37
what lab studies might be used for MSK system
- **calcium**: altered in osteomalacia, parathyroid dysfunction, prolonged immobilization
- **ALP**: found throughot the body, concentrated in liver, bones, and GI
- **parathyroid studies** (PTH, calcitonin, vit D): evaluate bone metabolism
- **CK and AST**: elevated with muscle damage
- **urine calcium**: increased with bone destruction
