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adults > cardiovascular overview > Flashcards

cardiovascular overview Flashcards

1
Q

describe coronary bloodflow

A

inferior and superior vena cava (unoxygenated)
right atria
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
pulmonic valve
pulmonary artery
lungs
pulmonary veins laft atria (oxygenated)
bicuspid/mitral valve
left ventricle
aortic valve
systemic circulation

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2
Q

describe diastole

A
  • relaxation phase
  • all 4 relax simultaneously
  • filling of the heart
  • prepare for contraction
  • resting pressure
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3
Q

describe systole

A
  • contracting phase
  • not simultaneous
  • atrial systole (at the end of diastole) then ventricular systole
  • contracting pressure
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4
Q

what are some components of electrophysiology

A

1) automaticity (initiate)
2) excitability (respond)
3) conductivity (transmit)

all cardiac cells can do this shit

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5
Q

what is the SA node

A
  • primary pacemaker (60-100)
  • this is the one thats supposed to initiate the beat
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6
Q

what is the AV node

A
  • scondary pacemaker (40-60)
  • can kick in and take over the beat
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7
Q

describe the cardiac conduction

A

SA -> AV -> bundle of his -> purkinje fibers

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8
Q

are pacemakers temporary or permanent?

A

they can be either

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9
Q

name three types of pacemakers

A
  • single chamber
  • dual chamber
  • biventricular
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10
Q

what are some considerations to take with pacemakers

A
  • keep cell phones away (at least 6in)
  • no MRI
  • end of life: special magnet can go over it to shut it down
  • when a temp pacemaker kicks in it can be super uncomfy, like a horse rocking your shit
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11
Q

describe cardiac output

A
  • amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle in liters/minute
  • normal= 4-6L/min (based on metabolic needs)
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12
Q

describe stroke volume

A
  • amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per heartbeat
  • normal = 60-130ml
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13
Q

how do you calculate cardiac output

A

SV x HR

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14
Q

what is preload

A

ventricular stretch at the end of diastole

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15
Q

what is afterload

A

resistance to ejection

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16
Q

what is contractility

A

force generated by contraction

17
Q

describe frank sterling law of the heart

A

as preload increases, muscle stretch increases resulting in strong contractions and subsequent greater stroke volume

18
Q

what do baroreceptors respond to

A

increase or decrease in stretch or pressure

19
Q

what are some causes of orthostatic hypotension

A
  • meds
  • dehydration
  • heart problems
  • endocrine probs
  • nervous system disorders
20
Q

what are some risk factors for orthostatic hypotension

A
  • age
  • meds
  • diseases
  • bed rest
21
Q

what are some complications of orthostatic hypotension

A
  • falls
  • stroke
  • CV disease
22
Q

how can we prevent falls

A
  • assess risk first
  • grippy socks and alert band
  • bed alarm
23
Q

what is ejection fraction

A
  • end diastolic blood volume ejected with each heartbeat (left ventricle)
  • 55%-65%
  • helpful in determining heart failure
24
Q

what happens to the heart as we age?

A
  • slower heart rate: decrease function in conduction system
  • larger heart: reduced volume capacity, decreased strength of contraction
  • valves stiffen: unable to close properly
  • decreased compensation: unable to adapt to metabolic changes, postural changes
25
Q

what are som different causes of chest pain

A
  • CAD
  • MI
  • pulmonary disorders (pneumonia/PE/pulmonary HTN/ asthma)
  • esophageal disorders (GERD/peptic ulcers/hiatal hernia)
  • anxiety and panic disorders)
  • musculoskeletal/neuro (muscle strain/shingles)
26
Q

name some different cardiovascular diseases

A
  • coronary artery disease
  • heart failure
  • congenital heart defects
  • dysrhythmias
  • cardiogenic shock
  • heart disease
27
Q

what are some risk factors for cardiovascular disease

A
  • smoking
  • HTN
  • physical inactivity
  • hyperlipidemia
  • overweight/obese
  • poor diet
  • alcoholism
  • diabetes
28
Q

describe an EKG

A
  • electrical activity of the heart
  • detect arrhythmias
  • 12-lead for testing (10 electrodes)
  • longer to set up then to take test
  • accurate and quick
29
Q

describe an echocardiogram

A
  • sound waves to produce images of the heart
  • assess for heart conditions
  • assess ejection fraction for determination of stage of CHF
30
Q

describe a cardiac stress test

A
  • tests if heart under stress when exercise induced
  • detect arrhythmias
31
Q

describe a cardiac monitor

A
  • bedisde monitoring
  • full VS (exception of temp)
  • 2-view of heart
32
Q

name some cardiac biomarkers

A
  • CK
  • CK-MB
  • troponin
33
Q

describe CK

A
  • detects muscle damage
  • skeletal, visceral, cardiac
34
Q

describe CK-MB

A
  • detects muscle damage
  • just skeletal and cardiac
35
Q

descrieb troponin

A
  • released by heart when theres lack of blood supply, lack of O2, or damage
  • serial troponins are taken to recheck and high sensitivity get faster results i think
  • goal value for CCF 0.0-0.10ug/ml
36
Q

what is BTNP

A

enzyme released with increased interior stretch

specific to HF

37
Q

whats included in the lipid profile

A
  • cholesterol (norm <200)
  • triglycerides (norm<150)
38
Q

what is C-reactive protein (CRP)

A

inflammatory marker

adults (51 decks)

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