cardiovascular overview

Question 1

describe coronary bloodflow

Answer 1

inferior and superior vena cava (unoxygenated)
right atria
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
pulmonic valve
pulmonary artery
lungs
pulmonary veins laft atria (oxygenated)
bicuspid/mitral valve
left ventricle
aortic valve
systemic circulation

Question 2

describe diastole

Answer 2

• relaxation phase
• all 4 relax simultaneously
• filling of the heart
• prepare for contraction
• resting pressure

Question 3

describe systole

Answer 3

• contracting phase
• not simultaneous
• atrial systole (at the end of diastole) then ventricular systole
• contracting pressure

Question 4

what are some components of electrophysiology

Answer 4

1) automaticity (initiate)
2) excitability (respond)
3) conductivity (transmit)

all cardiac cells can do this shit

Question 5

what is the SA node

Answer 5

• primary pacemaker (60-100)
• this is the one thats supposed to initiate the beat

Question 6

what is the AV node

Answer 6

• scondary pacemaker (40-60)
• can kick in and take over the beat

Question 7

describe the cardiac conduction

Answer 7

SA -> AV -> bundle of his -> purkinje fibers

Question 8

are pacemakers temporary or permanent?

Answer 8

they can be either

Question 9

name three types of pacemakers

Answer 9

• single chamber
• dual chamber
• biventricular

Question 10

what are some considerations to take with pacemakers

Answer 10

• keep cell phones away (at least 6in)
• no MRI
• end of life: special magnet can go over it to shut it down
• when a temp pacemaker kicks in it can be super uncomfy, like a horse rocking your shit

Question 11

describe cardiac output

Answer 11

• amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle in liters/minute
• normal= 4-6L/min (based on metabolic needs)

Question 12

describe stroke volume

Answer 12

• amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per heartbeat
• normal = 60-130ml

Question 13

how do you calculate cardiac output

Answer 13

SV x HR

Question 14

what is preload

Answer 14

ventricular stretch at the end of diastole

Question 15

what is afterload

Answer 15

resistance to ejection

Question 16

what is contractility

Answer 16

force generated by contraction

Question 17

describe frank sterling law of the heart

Answer 17

as preload increases, muscle stretch increases resulting in strong contractions and subsequent greater stroke volume

Question 18

what do baroreceptors respond to

Answer 18

increase or decrease in stretch or pressure

Question 19

what are some causes of orthostatic hypotension

Answer 19

• meds
• dehydration
• heart problems
• endocrine probs
• nervous system disorders

Question 20

what are some risk factors for orthostatic hypotension

Answer 20

• age
• meds
• diseases
• bed rest

Question 21

what are some complications of orthostatic hypotension

Answer 21

• falls
• stroke
• CV disease

Question 22

how can we prevent falls

Answer 22

• assess risk first
• grippy socks and alert band
• bed alarm

Question 23

what is ejection fraction

Answer 23

• end diastolic blood volume ejected with each heartbeat (left ventricle)
• 55%-65%
• helpful in determining heart failure

Question 24

what happens to the heart as we age?

Answer 24

• slower heart rate: decrease function in conduction system
• larger heart: reduced volume capacity, decreased strength of contraction
• valves stiffen: unable to close properly
• decreased compensation: unable to adapt to metabolic changes, postural changes

Question 25

what are som different causes of chest pain

Answer 25

- CAD - MI - pulmonary disorders (pneumonia/PE/pulmonary HTN/ asthma) - esophageal disorders (GERD/peptic ulcers/hiatal hernia) - anxiety and panic disorders) - musculoskeletal/neuro (muscle strain/shingles)

Question 26

name some different cardiovascular diseases

Answer 26

- coronary artery disease - heart failure - congenital heart defects - dysrhythmias - cardiogenic shock - heart disease

Question 27

what are some risk factors for cardiovascular disease

Answer 27

- smoking - HTN - physical inactivity - hyperlipidemia - overweight/obese - poor diet - alcoholism - diabetes

Question 28

describe an EKG

Answer 28

- electrical activity of the heart - detect arrhythmias - 12-lead for testing (10 electrodes) - longer to set up then to take test - accurate and quick

Question 29

describe an echocardiogram

Answer 29

- sound waves to produce images of the heart - assess for heart conditions - assess ejection fraction for determination of stage of CHF

Question 30

describe a cardiac stress test

Answer 30

- tests if heart under stress when exercise induced - detect arrhythmias

Question 31

describe a cardiac monitor

Answer 31

- bedisde monitoring - full VS (exception of temp) - 2-view of heart

Question 32

name some cardiac biomarkers

Answer 32

- CK - CK-MB - troponin

Question 33

describe CK

Answer 33

- detects muscle damage - skeletal, visceral, cardiac

Question 34

describe CK-MB

Answer 34

- detects muscle damage - just skeletal and cardiac

Question 35

descrieb troponin

Answer 35

- released by heart when theres lack of blood supply, lack of O2, or damage - serial troponins are taken to recheck and high sensitivity get faster results i think - goal value for CCF 0.0-0.10ug/ml

Question 36

what is BTNP

Answer 36

enzyme released with increased interior stretch | specific to HF

Question 37

whats included in the lipid profile

Answer 37

- cholesterol (norm <200) - triglycerides (norm<150)

Question 38

what is C-reactive protein (CRP)

Answer 38

inflammatory marker