cardiovascular overview Flashcards
describe coronary bloodflow
inferior and superior vena cava (unoxygenated)
right atria
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
pulmonic valve
pulmonary artery
lungs
pulmonary veins laft atria (oxygenated)
bicuspid/mitral valve
left ventricle
aortic valve
systemic circulation
describe diastole
- relaxation phase
- all 4 relax simultaneously
- filling of the heart
- prepare for contraction
- resting pressure
describe systole
- contracting phase
- not simultaneous
- atrial systole (at the end of diastole) then ventricular systole
- contracting pressure
what are some components of electrophysiology
1) automaticity (initiate)
2) excitability (respond)
3) conductivity (transmit)
all cardiac cells can do this shit
what is the SA node
- primary pacemaker (60-100)
- this is the one thats supposed to initiate the beat
what is the AV node
- scondary pacemaker (40-60)
- can kick in and take over the beat
describe the cardiac conduction
SA -> AV -> bundle of his -> purkinje fibers
are pacemakers temporary or permanent?
they can be either
name three types of pacemakers
- single chamber
- dual chamber
- biventricular
what are some considerations to take with pacemakers
- keep cell phones away (at least 6in)
- no MRI
- end of life: special magnet can go over it to shut it down
- when a temp pacemaker kicks in it can be super uncomfy, like a horse rocking your shit
describe cardiac output
- amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle in liters/minute
- normal= 4-6L/min (based on metabolic needs)
describe stroke volume
- amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per heartbeat
- normal = 60-130ml
how do you calculate cardiac output
SV x HR
what is preload
ventricular stretch at the end of diastole
what is afterload
resistance to ejection
what is contractility
force generated by contraction
describe frank sterling law of the heart
as preload increases, muscle stretch increases resulting in strong contractions and subsequent greater stroke volume
what do baroreceptors respond to
increase or decrease in stretch or pressure
what are some causes of orthostatic hypotension
- meds
- dehydration
- heart problems
- endocrine probs
- nervous system disorders
what are some risk factors for orthostatic hypotension
- age
- meds
- diseases
- bed rest
what are some complications of orthostatic hypotension
- falls
- stroke
- CV disease
how can we prevent falls
- assess risk first
- grippy socks and alert band
- bed alarm
what is ejection fraction
- end diastolic blood volume ejected with each heartbeat (left ventricle)
- 55%-65%
- helpful in determining heart failure
what happens to the heart as we age?
- slower heart rate: decrease function in conduction system
- larger heart: reduced volume capacity, decreased strength of contraction
- valves stiffen: unable to close properly
- decreased compensation: unable to adapt to metabolic changes, postural changes
what are som different causes of chest pain
- CAD
- MI
- pulmonary disorders (pneumonia/PE/pulmonary HTN/ asthma)
- esophageal disorders (GERD/peptic ulcers/hiatal hernia)
- anxiety and panic disorders)
- musculoskeletal/neuro (muscle strain/shingles)
name some different cardiovascular diseases
- coronary artery disease
- heart failure
- congenital heart defects
- dysrhythmias
- cardiogenic shock
- heart disease
what are some risk factors for cardiovascular disease
- smoking
- HTN
- physical inactivity
- hyperlipidemia
- overweight/obese
- poor diet
- alcoholism
- diabetes
describe an EKG
- electrical activity of the heart
- detect arrhythmias
- 12-lead for testing (10 electrodes)
- longer to set up then to take test
- accurate and quick
describe an echocardiogram
- sound waves to produce images of the heart
- assess for heart conditions
- assess ejection fraction for determination of stage of CHF
describe a cardiac stress test
- tests if heart under stress when exercise induced
- detect arrhythmias
describe a cardiac monitor
- bedisde monitoring
- full VS (exception of temp)
- 2-view of heart
name some cardiac biomarkers
- CK
- CK-MB
- troponin
describe CK
- detects muscle damage
- skeletal, visceral, cardiac
describe CK-MB
- detects muscle damage
- just skeletal and cardiac
descrieb troponin
- released by heart when theres lack of blood supply, lack of O2, or damage
- serial troponins are taken to recheck and high sensitivity get faster results i think
- goal value for CCF 0.0-0.10ug/ml
what is BTNP
enzyme released with increased interior stretch
specific to HF
whats included in the lipid profile
- cholesterol (norm <200)
- triglycerides (norm<150)
what is C-reactive protein (CRP)
inflammatory marker
