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Foundation of Medicine > Nervous System Structure & Function > Flashcards

Nervous System Structure & Function Flashcards

1
Q

What do nerves do

A

Sense internal & external environment to take appropriate response

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2
Q

How do nerves ‘Sense’

A

Sensory functions
Special senses (taste, smell, hearing)

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3
Q

How do nerves respond

A

Reflex functions - automatic and protective

Motor functions: Can be
Voluntary e.g. skeletal muscle movement
Involuntary e.g. smooth muscle, glands and cardiac muscle

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4
Q

What is Central nervous system

A

Brain & Spinal cord

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5
Q

What is peripheral nervous system

A

Nervous tissue that is not brain or spinal cord

  • Spinal nerve (attaches to spinal cord)
  • Cranial nerves (attaches with brain)
    -Autonomic nerves (organs, smooth muscles and glands)(sympathetic or parasympathetic nerves) (visceral afferents)
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6
Q

What are visceral afferents

A

Sense what is going on in organs

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7
Q

What are neurons made up of

A

Axon
Cell body- nucleated
Dendrites
Myelin sheath (Not necessary but conduct faster & easier with it)

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8
Q

Axons vs dendrites

A

Axons are longer & carry impulses to effector organ
Dendrites are shorter

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9
Q

Collection of nerve cell bodies in CNS are called…

A

Nucleus

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10
Q

Collection of nerve cell bodies in PNS are called…

A

Ganglions

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11
Q

What is a nerve comprised of

A

Bundles of axons wrapped in connective tissue with branches of axons leaving to get to different locations

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12
Q

What is a modality carried by individual axons

A

1 nerve fibre type

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13
Q

What are the 6 modalities axons can carry

A

Somatic sensory function
Somatic motor function
Special sensory function
Visceral afferent function
Sympathetic function
Parasympathetic function

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14
Q

What is motor action potential

A

Goes towards cell body, cavity or organ.
From CNS to PNS
=efferent

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15
Q

What is sensory action potential

A

Goes towards brain and spinal cord
From PNS to CNS
=afferent

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16
Q

What is the outer most layer of brain

A

Cortex, has:
-Gyri (ridges)
-Sulci (gaps between gyri)

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17
Q

What are the lobes of the brain

A

Frontal (Front)
Parietal (Back above occipital)
Occipital (Back)
Temporal (Bottom below parietal)

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18
Q

Where is the cerebellum compared to cerebrum

A

Cerebellum right at the bottom compared to:
Cerebrum right at the top

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19
Q

How many cranial nerves are there

A

12

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20
Q

What is pneumonic to remember if Cranial nerves are sensory, motor or both

A

Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More

S= Sensory (special)
M= Motor
B= Both

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21
Q

Names of cranial nerves I to VI

A

Olfactory nerve
Optic nerve
Oculomotor nerve
Trochlear nerve
Trigeminal nerve (DIVIDED INTO 3)
Abducent nerve

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22
Q

Names of cranial nerves VII - XII

A

Facial nerve
Vestibulocochlear nerve
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Vagus Nerve
Spinal Accessory nerve
Hypoglossal nerve

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23
Q

What are the 3 types of cranial fossae (hollows) and what cranial nerves do they have

A

Anterior = CN I
Middle = CN II to VI
Posterior = CN VII to XII

24
Q

What are Foraminae of the skull

A

an opening that allows the passage of structures from one region to another

25
Q

How many foramina are in the skull that house cranial nerves

A

Eight

26
Q

From posterior to anterior what are foramina called

A
  1. Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
  2. Optic canal
  3. Superior orbital fissure
  4. Foramen rotundum
  5. Foramen ovale
  6. Internal acoustic meatus
  7. Jugular foramen
  8. Hypoglossal canal
27
Q

What cranial nerves run through each foramina

A
  1. CN I
  2. CN II
  3. CN III, IV, V1, VI
  4. V2
  5. V3
  6. CN VII, VIII
  7. CN IX, X, XI
  8. CN XII
28
Q

When can nerves be affected by pathology

A

At any point in its course

29
Q

What is the spinal cord

A

Made up of 4 segments with 2 enlargements
Passes through foramen magnum & is protected by vertebral canal

Connects bilaterally with spinal nerves

30
Q

What are the 4 segments of spinal cord

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral/ Coccygeal

31
Q

Where are the 2 enlargements of the spinal cord

A

Cervical & Lumbosacral

Form as LOTS MORE nervous tissue to control in these regions: Cervical= upper limbs
Lumbosacral= lower limbs

32
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there

A

31

33
Q

How many spinal nerves of each type are there

A

Cervical = 8 C1-C8
Thoracic= 12 T1-T12
Lumbar= 5 L1-L5
Sacral= 5 S1-S5
Coccygeal= 1 Co

34
Q

What location does the spinal cord end

A

Conus medullaris
- between L1 & L2 intervertebral disc

35
Q

how are spinal nerves named and whats the exception

A

According to what vertebrae is above it (33 vertebrae)

except CRANIAL REGION which is named according to what is below it

36
Q

What are the 33 vertebrae

A

7 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 Sacral (fused forming 1 sacrum)
4 coccygeal (Fused forming 1 coccyx)

37
Q

What region of intervertebral framing is classified as spinal nerve and not

A

Sitting IN intervertebral framing= Spinal nerve

Sitting on either side of intervertebral framing= NOT a spinal nerve

38
Q

What are rootlets

A

Connect spinal nerves to spinal cord, forming a bigger root

39
Q

How do spinal nerves connect with soma(body wall)

A

Via rami= an arm or branch

40
Q

What roots and rootlets only carry motor function

A

Anterior

41
Q

What roots and rootlets only carry sensory function

A

Posterior

42
Q

What is a dermatome

A

Area (strip) of skin supplied by anterior and posterior rami of a spinal nerve (each spinal nerve pair supplies 1 strip of soma)

43
Q

What is T4 and T10 dermatome specifically

A

T4= nipple area
T10= umbilicus region

44
Q

What is a nerve plexus

A

a network of intersecting nerves which only anterior rami and involved in

45
Q

What are the types of body plexuses

A

Cervical plexus C1-C4-Posterior scalp, neck wall & diaphragm

Brachial plexus C5-T1 -Upper limb

Lumbar plexus L1-L4- Lower limb

Sacral plexus L5-S4- Gluteal region
& perineum

46
Q

Somatic nervous system Soma is

A

head and neck walls
chest walls
back
the diaphragm
abdominal wall
pelvic wall
limbs

47
Q

What are the structures in somatic nervous system

A

skin
fascia
skeletal muscle
skeleton
internal lining of body cavities

48
Q

What are types of somatic sensation and what senses them

A

Temperature
-Thermoreceptors

Pain
-Nociceptors

Fine & course touch, vibration + proprioception-location/movement
-Mechanoreceptors

49
Q

How does somatic sensation arise

A

Somatic sensory mechanoreceptors in L2 dermatome stimulated

Action potential conducted along axons within L2 anterior ramus

Same L2 axons weave through lumbar plexus to L2 spinal nerve

Further action potentials pass through posterior root ganglion (posterior roots & rootlets)
-To arrive at posterior Horn of L2 spinal cord segment

Action potentials cross midline and scend towards brain

50
Q

What is motor innervation in somatic NS

A

Somatic motor axons cross over in brainstem descending to anterior horn

Ap’s conducted along axons within anterior rootlets to roots into spinal nerves

Ap’s conducted along axons in named nerves of lumbar plexus

Synapse onto skeletal muscle of lower limb

Skeletal muscles contract and move the lower limb

51
Q

What are spinal reflexes involved in

A

Extremely rapid and involuntary response as can stretch y miss out going via brain

52
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system include

A

Viscera (Heart, lungs, intestines, kidneys)

Glands (mucous, sweat, salivary)

Smooth & Cardiac muscle

External lining of organs

53
Q

What are the locations of autonomic nervous system

A

Internal organs in body cavities (Chest cavity, pelvic cavity, abdominal cavity)

Body wall organs (Sweat glands, arrector smooth muscles, arterioles)

54
Q

What do sensory neurons do

A

sense internal environment (visceral afferent)

Sensations from organs to CNS are described as dull, achy, nauseating and poorly localised

55
Q

What do motor neurons do

A

respond to change in internal environment with dual motor control.
Sympathetic & Parasympathetic nerve supplies in many organs.

56
Q

What is sympathetic division of Autonomic NS

A

Fight or flight

-Pupils ‘dilate’
-Heart rate ‘Increases’
-Lungs ‘bronchioles dilate’
-GI tract ‘Motility is reduced’
-Liver ‘Glucose released into blood’
-Adrenal glands ‘Adrenaline released’
-Arterioles ‘dilate’ in skeletal muscle, ‘Constrict’ in skin
-Skin ‘Hair stands on end, sweating’

57
Q

What is Parasympathetic division of autonomic NS

A

Rest and digest- returns homeostasis

Pupils - constrict
Heart - rate decreases
Lungs - bronchioles constrict
GI tract - motility is increased
Liver - glucose synthesis
Bladder – sphincter relaxes

Foundation of Medicine (23 decks)

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