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Foundation of Medicine > Feedback control: Temperature and other vital signs > Flashcards

Feedback control: Temperature and other vital signs Flashcards

1
Q

What is normal pulse

A

60-100bpm

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2
Q

What is normal respiratory rate

A

12-20 breaths per minute

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3
Q

What is normal oxygen saturation

A

greater than 96%

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4
Q

What scale is used to determine consciousness

A

AVPU scale (Alert, Voice, Pain, Unresponsive)

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5
Q

What is normal capillary refill time

A

Less than 2 seconds

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6
Q

What is core body temperature definition

A

Temperature of blood and internal organs

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7
Q

What is core body temperature in degrees Celsius

A

37.8

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8
Q

How is core body temperature maintained

A

Homeostatically, within structures deep within the body

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9
Q

What happens to core body temperature when changes in the environment occur

A

Kept constant within a narrow range = Normothermia

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10
Q

What does normothermia achieve

A

-Optimum cellular function
-Optimum cellular metabolism

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11
Q

What does increasing core body temperature achieve

A

Speeds up cellular metabolism.
Overheating causes protein denaturation, nerve malfunction, convulsions (seizure) and death

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12
Q

What does decreased core body temp cause

A

Slows cellular metabolism and function which can be fatal

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13
Q

What are the ways of monitoring core body temperature

A

-Indirect estimate
-Direct estimate

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14
Q

What is indirect estimate way of measuring body temperature

A

Infrared tympanic thermometer
In eardrum
Normal range is 36-37.5 degrees

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15
Q

What temperature is considered abnormally high and whats it called

A

Greater or equal too 38 degrees
Fever is 38-40 degrees
Hyperthermia is above 40 degrees

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16
Q

What temperature is considered abnormally low and whats it called

A

below 35 degrees
Called hypothermic

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17
Q

Where to avoid when measuring core body temperature estimates

A

Avoid peripheral sites
e.g. Oral, axilla

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18
Q

Where can you measure to get a direct estimate of core body temperature

A

Rectal or oesophageal
- Slightly higher than tympanic (ear) temp.

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19
Q

What is diurnal variation in body temperature

A

Temperature varies during the day in the same individual- lowest in early morning

20
Q

What can alter normal body temperature

A

Activity
Exercise
Emotions
Exposure to extreme temps
Menstrual cycle- Higher in 2nd half of cycle from ovulation

21
Q

How do we maintain a core body temperature

A

Heat gain and loss must be in balance

22
Q

What are ways of Heat gain

A

Internal environment= Metabolic heat gain

External environment= Radiation, convection and conduction

23
Q

What are ways of heat loss

A

To external environment–=
Radiation
Conduction
Convection
Evaporation

24
Q

How do you maintain core body temperature when it decreases

A

Heat gain is increased
Heat loss is decreased

25
How do you maintain core body temperature when it increased
Heat gain is decreased Heat loss is increased
26
What is metabolic heat
Oxidation of metabolic fuel derived from food in the body
27
What is BMR and what does it lead too
Basal metabolic rate= minimum amount of energy required to sustain vital bodily functions Leads to basic level of heat production
28
What is BMR increased by and what does it increase
Hormones including adrenaline, noradrenaline and thyroxine Increases muscle activity and hence metabolic heat production: Increases shivering by increasing muscle activity which creates heat
29
What is radiation and why is it relevant to the human body
Emission of heat energy in form of electromagnetic waves from a surface Human body emits and absorbs radiant heat, half of heat is lost via it
30
What is conduction and what does it depend upon
Transfer of heat between objects in contact from warmer to cooler object Depends upon temperature gradient and thermal conductivity
31
What is convection and what happens in the body
Transfer of heat energy by air (or water) currents helping carry heat away from the body Air next to skin warmed by conduction making it less dense= rises whilst cooler air moves next to skin This forced air movement increases combined effect of conduction-convection
32
What is the wind chill factor
Forced air movement allow a greater total amount of heat to be carried away from the body in a given period of time
33
What does combining convection and conduction do
Dissipate heat from body (disappear)
34
What is evaporation
Water in skins surface and respiratory airway lining converted to vapour (requires energy)
35
How does evaporation cool the body (example)
As energy required comes from the body, evaporative heat is loss therefore cools the body -Sweating is active evaporative process controlled by sympathetic nervous system
36
What is passive evaporative heat loss
Occurs continuously, water molecules passively diffuse from skin surface and lining of respiratory airway- NOT SUBJECTED TO PHYSIOLOGICAL CONTROL
37
What control system is used to maintain core body temperature
Negative feedback control
38
What are the sensors, control centre and effectors in temperature control
Sensor - Central thermoreceptors -Peripheral thermoreceptors Control centre -In hypothalamus Effectors - Skeletal muscles -Skin arterioles -Sweat glands
39
What does the hypothalamus act as in temperature control
Acts as bodies thermostat (Maintaining set point)
40
What activates posterior hypothalamic centre
cold
41
What activates anterior hypothalamic centre
warmth
42
Where does the hypothalamus have neural connections with
Limbic system and cerebral cortex Motor neurons which control skeletal muscles Sympathetic nervous system
43
What do Effectors (skin arterioles, skeletal muscles and behavioural adaptions) do when posterior hypothalamic centre is activated by cold
Skin arterioles- Vasoconstriction (Contraction reduces blood flow to skin so decreased heat loss) Skeletal muscles- increase heat production: Increased muscle tone Shivering Increased voluntary movement Postural changes (reduce surface ares and wear warm clothing to decrease heat loss
44
What do Effectors (skin arterioles, skeletal muscles and sweat glands) do when anterior hypothalamic centre is activated by warmth
Skin arterioles- Vasodilation (Relaxation to increase blood flow to surface increasing heat loss) Skeletal muscles- decrease heat production -Decreased muscle tone -Decreased voluntary movements Sweat glands- Sweating Evaporation to increase heat loss Also wear cool clothing to increase heat loss
45
How does temperature set point change in a fever greater than 38 (4 steps)
1. Infection/ inflammation causes chemicals to be released from macrophages acts as endogenous pyrogen 2. These pyrogens stimulate prostaglandins release in hypothalamus 3. Prostaglandins act on hypothalamic thermo-regulatory centre to reset thermostat to higher temp 4. Hypothalamus initiates mechanisms to heat the body 'COLD RESPONSE' shivering and vasoconstriction to meet new set point = fever
46
How is hypothalamus set point restored during fever
Pyrogen release reduced/stopped THEN Prostaglandin synthesis is decreased/ stopped 'HOT RESPONSE'then occurs to cool the body

Foundation of Medicine (23 decks)

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