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Foundation of Medicine > Cancer 'The How' > Flashcards

Cancer 'The How' Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 10 hallmarks of cancer

A

Avoiding immune destruction
Evading growth suppressors
Angiogenesis (make blood supply)
Replicative immortality
Invasion & metastasis
Genomic instability
Resist cell death
Degranulation energetics
Proliferative signals

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2
Q

What is tumour heterogeneity

A

Different components in every tumour due to genomic instability. Same drug/treatment not work on every tumour

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3
Q

Why do neoplastic cells become immortal

A

Keep proliferating
Abnormal oncogene expression
Inactivate tumour suppressors
Genes inhibiting apoptosis

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4
Q

what is a tumour suppressor

A

Genes inhibit neoplastic growth in normal conditions
Genes can be Caretaker or Gatekeeper

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5
Q

What are gatekeeper and caretaker genes

A

Gatekeeper- Stops damaged cells dividing
Caretaker- Repairs DNA damage

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6
Q

What has gatekeeper and caretaker functions & how does it lose this

A

p53

Loses function from mutations, binding to oncoproteins of viruses and mutants

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7
Q

What is an oncogene

A

Genes which drive neoplastic behaviour of cells. Make oncoproteins

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8
Q

What are the 5 groups of oncogenes

A

Growth factors
Receptors of growth factors
Signalling mediator with- Tyrosine kinase or nucleotide binding activity
Nuclear binding transcription factor

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9
Q

What genomic instability terms are in neoplastic cells

A

Diploid, Polyploidy or aneuploidy

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10
Q

What is diploid

A

Normal amount of DNA, 2 copies each chromosome

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11
Q

What is polyploidy

A

Exact multiples of diploid state in cell tetraploidy=4N octoploidy= 8N

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12
Q

What is aneuploidy

A

Cell contains inexact chromosome numbers- Translocations

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13
Q

What is a carcinogen

A

Environmental agent participating in causing tumours

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14
Q

What is a mutagenic carcinogen

A

Acts on DNA of cells

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15
Q

How are carcinogens identified

A

epidemiological studies
Direct evidence- Chernobyl
Experimental testing e.g animals + cells
Occupational risks

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16
Q

What cancer did Chernobyl cause

A

Thyroid carcinoma

17
Q

What cancer and carcinogen is caused by smoking

A

Carcinomas- skin, lung and mouth

Aromatic hydrocarbons= carcinogen

18
Q

What carcinogens cause bladder cancer

A

Aromatic amines in rubber/dye industry and azo dyes from mutagenic

19
Q

What carcinogen causes angiosarcoma

A

Vinyl chloride in PVC maufacuring

20
Q

What carcinogen causes GI cancers

A

Nitrosamines in tobacco and cured meats

21
Q

What is HPV in 5 steps

A
  1. Get infected with high risk HPV subtype
  2. Virus integrates into host genome
  3. E6 viral oncoprotein acts on TP53 making p53
  4. E& viral oncoprotein acts on RB coding for retinoblastoma protein
  5. Neoplastic cells with integrated viral gene keep replicating
22
Q

What cancers can Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) cause

A

Lymphomas and carcinomas

23
Q

What lymphomas are EBV associated with

A

Burkitt (high grade B cell)
Hodgkin
Primary effusion

24
Q

What carcinomas are EBV associated with

A

Squamous cell carcinomas
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma- combination with smoking/EBV

25
Q

What cancers can UV light cause

A

Malignant Melanoma
Basal cell carcinoma

26
Q

What is a melanoma

A

Melanocytes are neural derived cells in basal layer of epidermis producing melanin pigment

27
Q

What is a basal cell carcinoma

A

Tumour of skin which is 80% of of skin cancers associated with sunburn

28
Q

What is ionising radiation

A

Radiation which detaches electrons from atoms/molecules like X-ray, nuclear radiation and gamma

29
Q

What tissues are sensitive to carcinogenic effects of ionising radiation

A

Thyroid
Breast
Bone

30
Q

Why are epithelial origin carcinomas more prominent in >60 years

A

As increasing somatic genetic mutation and loss of immune competence

31
Q

Why can diet cause carcinogenesis

A

Excess adipose tissue has higher levels of growth hormones (oestrogen causes cancer)

Processed meats have nitrosamines (chemical carcinogen)

32
Q

What inherited mutation predispose to breast and ovarian cancers

A

BRCA1 and BRCA2

33
Q

How do neoplastic cells increase chances of invasion

A

decrease cellular adhesion
Increase cellular motility
Secrete proteolytic enzymes (damage tissue surrounding)

34
Q

How does metastasis occur

A
  1. Detachment
  2. Invades surrounding tissue
  3. Intravasation to vessels
  4. Evasion host defences
  5. Adhere to other endothelium
  6. Extravasation of cells from vessel into surrounding new tissue
35
Q

What is metastasis

A

Process where tumour cells get from site of origin to secondary site

36
Q

What are the routes of metastasis

A

Haematogenous
Lymphatic
Trans coelomic (across body cavity)

Foundation of Medicine (23 decks)

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