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Foundation of Medicine > Anatomy of the Cell > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Cell Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of a cell

A

Water, Protein, Lipid, Carbohydrate and Inorganic

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2
Q

What are Eukaryotic Cells Features

A

Outer Membrane
Inner Cytosol
Cytoskeleton
Membrane bound organelles (In Cytosol)
Inclusions

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3
Q

What is an Inner cytosol made of

A

Solution of proteins, electrolytes and carbohydrates with fluid and gel-like properties

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4
Q

Cytoskeleton function and composition

A

Determines shape and fluidity of cell
Made of thin and intermediate filaments & microtubules

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5
Q

What is the plasma membrane function

A

Separates the cytoplasm from the outside environment

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6
Q

What is the composition of plasma membrane

A

Bimolecular layer of amphipathic phospholipid molecules

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7
Q

What is the composition of a phospholipid molecule

A

Hydrophilic head (At outer and inner surface)
Hydrophobic tail (Facing toward middle of 2 layers)

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8
Q

What proteins are found in plasma membrane and what do they function as

A

Integral proteins which can be receptors, channels, transporters and enzymes

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9
Q

What is exocytosis and endocytosis

A

Exo- cell shifts materials into extracellular space through plasma membrane
Endo-Cell brings substances into the cell vis vesicles through plasma membrane

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10
Q

Why is it good for cell membrane to have a fluid quality

A

As it can change shape easily and diffusion occurs laterally

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11
Q

What does ‘selective permeability’ of cell membrane mean

A

Highly permeable to water, oxygen and small hydrophobic molecules.
Impermeable to charged ions e.g Na

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12
Q

What are Organelles

A

Small, intracellular organs with specific function and structural organisation
Essential to life

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13
Q

What Organelles are in the Cytoplasm

A

Mitochondria - (energy production)
Rough endoplasmic reticulum - (protein synthesis)
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum - (cholesterol & lipid synthesis/detoxification)
Golgi apparatus - (modification & packaging of secretions)
Lysosomes – (hydrolytic enzymes for intracellular digestion)
Nucleus – (contains genetic code)

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14
Q

What are Inclusions

A

Other structures within cytoplasm
May or may not be bound by membrane
Inclusions are dispensable and may only be present a short time/transient

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15
Q

What inclusions are in a cell

A

Pigment
Glycogen stores
Lipid droplets
Pre-secretion product
Endocytosis Vesicle

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16
Q

What are the 3 main classes of filaments in cytoskeleton

A

Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

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17
Q

What are microfilaments composed of

A

Protein Actin (7nm diameter)

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18
Q

What are Intermediate filaments composed of

A

Six main proteins varying in cell types (>10nm diameter)

19
Q

What are microtubules composed of

A

2 tubulin proteins- Alpha and Beta (25nm in diameter) Tubulin originates from centrosome

20
Q

What proteins are important in movement of components in a cell with long processes

A

Kinesin and Dynein
Both ATPase moving towards cell periphery (K) and Centre(D)

21
Q

What is structure of nucleus

A

Enclosed by nuclear envelope
Inner and outer nucleus membrane
Nuclear pores, continuity with cytoplasm
Contains chromosomes

22
Q

What is on outer nuclear membrane

A

Ribosomes, continuous with cytoplasmic RER

23
Q

Where does RNA synthesis occur

A

In the nucleus as this is where mRNA and tRNA are transcribed

24
Q

What types of DNA are found in the nucleus

A

Euchromatin (Dispersed and actively undergoing transcription)
Heterochromatin (Highly condensed and not undergoing transcription)

25
Q

What are ribosomes

A

Made up of a small subunit which bind to RNA and a large subunit (to catalyse peptide bond formation)

26
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum ER

A

Forms a network of interconnecting membrane bound compartments
2 types rough and smooth
Inactive cells have little ER

27
Q

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum RER

A

Studded with ribosomes, vital role in protein synthesis and initiates glycoprotein formation

28
Q

What is smooth endoplasmic reticulum SER

A

Lacks ribosomes, plays a vital role in lipid synthesis

29
Q

What is the Golgi complex

A

Golgi apparatus composed of flattened membrane bound cisternae
Vesicles enter is from RER/SER

30
Q

What is function of cisterns

A

Modify and package macromolecules that were synthesised in the ER
-Add sugars
-Cleave proteins
-Sort macromolecules into vesicles

31
Q

What are mitochondria

A

Power generators of the cell, generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation and synthesise lipids and proteins

32
Q

What is mitochondria composition

A

Outer and inner membrane
Inner membrane folded= cristae, increases surface area
Oblong cylindrical organelles
Contain own DNA and system for protein production

33
Q

What are intercellular junctions

A

Specialised membrane structures linking individual cells together into a functional unit- prominent in epithelia (3 Types)

34
Q

What are the 3 types of intercellular junctions

A

Occluding junctions
Anchoring junctions
Communicating junctions

35
Q

What are occluding junctions

A

Prevent diffusion and appear as a focal region of close apposition between adjacent cell membranes
(Also known as tight junctions or zonula occludens)

36
Q

What are anchoring junctions

A

Link submembrane actin bundles of adjacent cells (also known as zonula adherens)

37
Q

Desmosomes function

A

link submembrane intermediate filaments of adjacent cells (Called macula adherens) Common in skin providing mechanical stability

38
Q

What are communicating junctions

A

Allow selective diffusion of molecules between adjacent cells (also known as gap junctions)
Circular patch studded with pores which produce connexon proteins

39
Q

What is a junctional Complex

A

Close association of many junctions found in certain epithelial tissues

40
Q

How is material transported in and out of cells

A

Diffusion
Via transport proteins (pumps or channels)
Vesicular transport

41
Q

What are the types of vesicular transport

A

Phagocytosis
Endocytosis

42
Q

What is endocytosis

A

Material from extracellular space incorporated into the cell. Cell membrane invaginates forming endocytotic vesicle. Receptor mediated

43
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

Bacterium binding to cell membrane is engulfed creating phagosome. Phagosome binds with lysosome carrying digestive enzymes creating phagolysosome.

Foundation of Medicine (23 decks)

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