Cancer

Question 1

What is neoplasia

Answer 1

New Growth -
Lesion resulting from autonomous abnormal growth of cells persisting after INITILISING stimulus is removed

Question 2

What does neoplastic growth consist of

Answer 2

Tumours (swelling) arise due to accumulation of genetic altercations & epigenic changes

Comprise neoplastic cells & connective tissue stroma which need a vascular supply

Question 3

What is benign neoplastic growth

Answer 3

Neoplasm that’s well differentiated with non-lethal characteristics- don’t invade/metastasise

Question 4

What is malignant neoplastic growth

Answer 4

Neoplasm which has abnormal and lethal characteristics - Invades & metastasises

Question 5

What distinguishing features are there between benign & malignant

Answer 5

Differentiation
Rate of Growth
Local Invasion
Metastasis

Question 6

What is differentiation

Answer 6

Extent to which neoplastic tissues resemble corresponding normal origin tissue

Question 7

What 2 ends of differentiation spectrum are they and what do they indicate

Answer 7

Well Differentiated= Resembles original tissue = Benign

Anaplastic= Cannot be identified as original tissue = Malignant

Question 8

What are anaplastic features of cells

Answer 8

• Nuclear size and shape varies
• Necrosis
• Giant cells (multi-nucleated)
• High growth & turnover rate

Question 9

What is classification of tumours

Answer 9

Their name

Question 10

What is grade of a tumour

Answer 10

Measures how differentiated a tumour is
Grade 1= Well differentiated (benign)
Grade 3= Poorly differentiated (malignant)

Question 11

What is stage of a tumour

Answer 11

Relates to its spread, lower the number better the outcome is for patient

Question 12

What is metaplasia

Answer 12

one type of tissue is replaced by another type, not natural to that organ or tissue

Non-neoplastic cells described using this term- change in phenotype

Question 13

What is dysplasia

Answer 13

Confined neoplastic change which does NOT invade. (mostly epithelia squamous cells)
Stays in basement membrane, NOT MALIGNANT

Neoplastic characteristics but not a neoplasm as can regress

Question 14

What is Carcinoma In-situ

Answer 14

Severe form of dysplasia but still not invasive

Question 15

What defines if cells are descibed as malignancy or dysplasia

Answer 15

If they invade basement membrane= malignant

Question 16

What are features of rapidly growing cells

Answer 16

Mitoses (lots of cells dividing rapidly)

Necrosis (Tumour growing fast that blood supply cannot sustain)

Question 17

What type of neoplasm has fast rate of growth

Answer 17

Malignant

Question 18

What type of neoplasm has slow rate of growth

Answer 18

Benign

Question 19

What are local invasion features of benign neoplasms

Answer 19

Very localised, that do not invade only compress surrounding tissues

Can be encapsulated

Question 20

What are local invasion features of malignant neoplasms

Answer 20

Invasive penetrating organ walls and surfaces

Question 21

What is metastasis

Answer 21

The spread of a tumour to a site discontinuous with tumour origin

Therefore benign= No metastasis
Malignant= Metastasis

Question 22

How do we classify tumours

Answer 22

1. If benign or malignant
2. Its cell of origin

Question 23

What type of tumour classifications are there

Answer 23

-Epithelial
-Mesenchymal

(mixed tumours do exist of both types)

Question 24

What is non glandular squamous epithelium

Answer 24

Surface protection

Question 25

What is glandular epithelium

Answer 25

Has secretory function with glands and ducts

Question 26

What suffix is used at the end for benign tumours

Answer 26

-OMA

Question 27

Benign glandular/ non-glandular epithelium suffix

Answer 27

Glandular= -adenoma
Non glandular= -oma

Question 28

How to name benign epithelial tumours

Answer 28

1. Is it glandular (adenoma) or non-glandular (oma)
2. Prefixed by glandular tissue (if glandular) or cell type OF ORIGIN (if non-glandular)

Question 29

What is a squamous cell papiloma

Answer 29

Benign non-glandular tumour of squamous epithelium e.g. Skin

Question 30

What is a Colonic Adenoma

Answer 30

Benign glandular tumour of colon

Question 31

How are benign mesenchymal tumours named

Answer 31

1. Have suffix -oma at end
2. Proceeded by tissue of origin

Question 32

What do tissue prefixes Lipo, Hemangio, Osteo, Chondro and Fibro mean

Answer 32

-Adipose tissue
-Blood vessel
-Bone
-Cartilage
-Fibrous

Question 33

What do tissue prefixes Leiomyo and Rhhabdomyo mean

Answer 33

-Smooth muscle
-Skeletal muscle

Question 34

Malignant glandular/non-glandular epithelial tumours suffix

Answer 34

Glandular= -Adenocarcinoma
Non- Glandular= -(specific cell type) cell carcinoma

Question 35

What is a Squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 35

Malignant non-glandular tumor of seuamous cells e.g. skin

Question 36

What is colonic adenocarcinoma

Answer 36

Malignant epithelium glandular tumour of colon

Question 37

how are malignant mesenchymal tumour named

Answer 37

1. Have suffix -sarcoma
2. Proceeded by tissue of origin

Question 38

what is a Liposarcoma

Answer 38

Malignant mensenchmal tumour of adipose tissue

Question 39

What is a teratoma

Answer 39

Germ cell origin which can be
-Exoderm
-Endoderm
-Mesoderm

Question 40

What is a neuroectodermal tumour

Answer 40

Brain tumour

Question 41

What is hamartoma

Answer 41

Non-neoplastic
Abnormal growth of tissue in a site it should be growing

Question 42

What is Choristoma

Answer 42

Growth of a normal tissue in a site it shouldnt be growing

Question 43

What are some haematolymphoid (blood & lymph) malignancies

Answer 43

Lymphoma
Myeloma (plasma cells)
Leukaemia (white BC in bone marrow)

Question 44

What types of Lymphoma are there

Answer 44

Hodgkin’s (B cell origin)
Non- Hodgkin’s (T cell origin)

Question 45

What is melanocytic neoplasm melanoma

Answer 45

Melanocytes malignancy, produce pigments in skin