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Foundation of Medicine > Cardiovascular and Circulatory System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular and Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of circulatory system

A

Transports fluid throughout body

-Distributes gases & other molecules for nutrition, growth and repair and mediates inflammation

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2
Q

What 2 systems are involved in circulatory system

A

Cardiovascular and lymphatic

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3
Q

What are the 3 main components of cardiovascular system

A
  • Arterial System (arteries carry blood AWAY from heart)
  • Heart (Pump of the system)
  • Venous system (Veins carry blood TOWARDS heart)
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4
Q

Types of circulation

A

Pulmonary & Systemic

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5
Q

What type of pump is the heart referred to as

A

Muscular double pump
-Contraction and relaxation
-Systole and Diastole

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6
Q

What is the average pulse rate

A

70bpm

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7
Q

What are the blood vessels associated with the heart

A

1 Aorta (vein)
2 Vena Cava (artery)
1 Pulmonary Trunk (artery)= 2 Pulmonary artery (artery)
4 Pulmonary veins (vein)

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8
Q

How many layers does the heart have

A

three

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9
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart from outisde to in

A
  1. Epicardium
  2. Myocardium
  3. Endocardium
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10
Q

What is the epicardium layer

A

a visceral pericardium

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11
Q

What is the myocardium layer

A

Muscular layer in the middle

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12
Q

What is the endocardium layer

A

Continuous with endothelium of blood vessels connecting the heart

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13
Q

What are the chambers of the heart

A

Right Atrium
Left Atrium (posterior surface)
Right Ventricle (Anterior surface)
Left Ventricle

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14
Q

What valves are in the heart

A

Atrioventricular
Semilunar

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15
Q

How many cusps are in atrioventricular valves

A

2 or 3

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16
Q

What are the left and right AV valves (atrioventricular) called

A

Left= mitral
Right= Tricuspid

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17
Q

What semilunar valves allow blood to leave right and left ventricle

A

Blood leaving left ventricle = aortic
Blood leaving right ventricle= pulmonary

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18
Q

What is the conduction system of the heart (4 stages of normal route)

A
  1. Electrical impulse starts spontaneously at sinoatrial node so both atria contract
  2. Travels to AV node @AV septum
  3. Travels down R&L bundles in bundles of hiss
  4. Spreads to myocardium through conducting fibres so both ventricles contract
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19
Q

What are the usual 3 layers in blood vessels

A
  1. Tunica Intima (internal)
    -Endothelium
  2. Tunica Media (middle)
    -Smooth muscle & elastic fibres
  3. Tunica Adventitia (external)
    -Connective tissue
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20
Q

What are the key principles about arteries?

A
  • Located deeper than veins
  • High pressure flow (140/90mmHg)
    -Have round lumen
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21
Q

what type of blood do arteries carry

A

Oxygenated

22
Q

What do arteries give rise to

A

Arterioles

23
Q

What do terms ‘common’ and ‘trunk’ indicate in the artery

A

It will definitely divide again e.g. common iliac artery or coeliac trunk

24
Q

How is lumen in arterioles contracted

A

Smooth muscle in their walls contract to narrow the lumen

25
Q

What is vasodilation

A

Relaxation of smooth muscle
-Lumen widens to INCREASE blood flow to organ/tissue

26
Q

What is vasoconstriction

A

Contraction of smooth muscles
-REDUCES blood flow to organ/tissue

27
Q

What is sympathetic tone in arterioles

A

Background, low level of contraction of smooth muscle due to TONIC (continuous) conduction of action potentials to arterioles by sympathetic nerves

28
Q

What does increasing sympathetic tone do

A

Constricts further, narrowing lumen

-If enough helps reduce blood loss during injury(vessel in spasm)

29
Q

What does decreasing sympathetic tone do

A

Dilates arteriole widening the lumen

30
Q

What is anastomosis

A

arteries connect with each other without intervening capillary

-Provides alternative route for blood to supply the cells distal to an arterial occlusion (blockage)

31
Q

What are end arteries
What does occlusion of them cause

A

Only arterial blood supply to a given area

Occlusion results in infarction

32
Q

What is Infarction

A

Irreversible cell death due to hypoxia caused by loss of arterial blood

33
Q

What does the aorta do during a full heartbeat

A
  1. Oxygenated blood enters aorta
  2. Receives blood at HIGH pressure during systole
  3. Elastic walls expand under this pressure
  4. Elastic recoil maintains peripheral flow in DIASTOLE
34
Q

What are the 4 parts of the aorta & how many branches do they have

A
  1. Ascending aorta (2 branches)
  2. Arch of the aorta (3 branches)
  3. Thoracic aorta (Numerous branches)
  4. Abdominal aorta(3 unpaired midline branches & several paired bilateral)
35
Q

What are the 3 branches of the Arch of the aorta

A
  1. Brachiocephalic trunk
  2. Left common carotid artery
  3. Left subclavian artery
36
Q

What is the basic upper limb blood supply pathway of left arm

A

Left subclavian artery →
Left axillary artery →
Left brachial artery →
BIFURCATION
Left ulnar artery & left radial artery

37
Q

Where can you feel a pulse in your neck

A

Carotid
(Bifurcation of common carotid artery)

38
Q

Where can you feel a pulse in an arm x2

A

Brachial artery
(anterior to elbow joint)

Radial artery
(radial side of palmer wrist aspect)

39
Q

Where can you feel a pulse in the leg x2 and foot x1

A

Femoral artery
(continuation of external iliac artery)

Popliteal artery
(posterior to knee joint)

Dorsalis pedis artery
(dorsum of foot)

40
Q

What blood do veins carry

A

De oxygenated

41
Q

What do veins have that arteries don’t

A

Valves

42
Q

Key principles on veins

A

-low pressure, no pulse
-Drain blood away from a territory
-Have tributaries
-Thin walled collapse when empty

43
Q

How does venous blood flow back towards the heart (whats it assisted by)

A
  1. Venous valves
    (ensure unidirectional flow back to the heart against gravity)
  2. Muscular contraction
    (Contraction of lower limb skeletal muscles)
  3. Venae comitantes
    (Small veins run in pairs/more with artery in sheath, arterial pulsation pushes venous blood along )
44
Q

What are superficial vs. deep veins

A

Superficial are smaller, closer to surface and run in superficial fascia then DRAIN INTO DEEP

Deep are larger and run deep to deep fascia and in cavities

45
Q

What are the 2 main venous systems

A

Hepatic
Systemic

46
Q

What does hepatic venous system do

A

Drains venous blood from GI TRACT and associated organs to PORTAL VEIN

47
Q

What does systemic venous system do

A

Drains venous blood from all other organs and tissues to SUPERIOR OR INFERIOR vena cava

48
Q

What do capillaries allow for

A

Allow exchange of gases, metabolites and waste products
-Concerned with single endothelium layer

49
Q

What is lymphatic circulation

A
  • Tissue fluid gathers in extracellular space
    -Taken up by lymphatic capillaries (Now called Lymph)
    -Lymph carried to lymph nodes, and retured back to veins in root of neck
50
Q

What is the thoracic duct

A

Only lymphatic vessel large enough to be found in dissection
-Drains lymph into left venous angle

Foundation of Medicine (23 decks)

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