Cardiovascular and Circulatory System

Question 1

what are the functions of circulatory system

Answer 1

Transports fluid throughout body

-Distributes gases & other molecules for nutrition, growth and repair and mediates inflammation

Question 2

What 2 systems are involved in circulatory system

Answer 2

Cardiovascular and lymphatic

Question 3

What are the 3 main components of cardiovascular system

Answer 3

• Arterial System (arteries carry blood AWAY from heart)
• Heart (Pump of the system)
• Venous system (Veins carry blood TOWARDS heart)

Question 4

Types of circulation

Answer 4

Pulmonary & Systemic

Question 5

What type of pump is the heart referred to as

Answer 5

Muscular double pump
-Contraction and relaxation
-Systole and Diastole

Question 6

What is the average pulse rate

Answer 6

70bpm

Question 7

What are the blood vessels associated with the heart

Answer 7

1 Aorta (vein)
2 Vena Cava (artery)
1 Pulmonary Trunk (artery)= 2 Pulmonary artery (artery)
4 Pulmonary veins (vein)

Question 8

How many layers does the heart have

Answer 8

three

Question 9

What are the 3 layers of the heart from outisde to in

Answer 9

1. Epicardium
2. Myocardium
3. Endocardium

Question 10

What is the epicardium layer

Answer 10

a visceral pericardium

Question 11

What is the myocardium layer

Answer 11

Muscular layer in the middle

Question 12

What is the endocardium layer

Answer 12

Continuous with endothelium of blood vessels connecting the heart

Question 13

What are the chambers of the heart

Answer 13

Right Atrium
Left Atrium (posterior surface)
Right Ventricle (Anterior surface)
Left Ventricle

Question 14

What valves are in the heart

Answer 14

Atrioventricular
Semilunar

Question 15

How many cusps are in atrioventricular valves

Answer 15

2 or 3

Question 16

What are the left and right AV valves (atrioventricular) called

Answer 16

Left= mitral
Right= Tricuspid

Question 17

What semilunar valves allow blood to leave right and left ventricle

Answer 17

Blood leaving left ventricle = aortic
Blood leaving right ventricle= pulmonary

Question 18

What is the conduction system of the heart (4 stages of normal route)

Answer 18

1. Electrical impulse starts spontaneously at sinoatrial node so both atria contract
2. Travels to AV node @AV septum
3. Travels down R&L bundles in bundles of hiss
4. Spreads to myocardium through conducting fibres so both ventricles contract

Question 19

What are the usual 3 layers in blood vessels

Answer 19

1. Tunica Intima (internal)
   -Endothelium
2. Tunica Media (middle)
   -Smooth muscle & elastic fibres
3. Tunica Adventitia (external)
   -Connective tissue

Question 20

What are the key principles about arteries?

Answer 20

• Located deeper than veins
• High pressure flow (140/90mmHg)
  -Have round lumen

Question 21

what type of blood do arteries carry

Answer 21

Oxygenated

Question 22

What do arteries give rise to

Answer 22

Arterioles

Question 23

What do terms ‘common’ and ‘trunk’ indicate in the artery

Answer 23

It will definitely divide again e.g. common iliac artery or coeliac trunk

Question 24

How is lumen in arterioles contracted

Answer 24

Smooth muscle in their walls contract to narrow the lumen

Question 25

What is vasodilation

Answer 25

Relaxation of smooth muscle -Lumen widens to INCREASE blood flow to organ/tissue

Question 26

What is vasoconstriction

Answer 26

Contraction of smooth muscles -REDUCES blood flow to organ/tissue

Question 27

What is sympathetic tone in arterioles

Answer 27

Background, low level of contraction of smooth muscle due to TONIC (continuous) conduction of action potentials to arterioles by sympathetic nerves

Question 28

What does increasing sympathetic tone do

Answer 28

Constricts further, narrowing lumen -If enough helps reduce blood loss during injury(vessel in spasm)

Question 29

What does decreasing sympathetic tone do

Answer 29

Dilates arteriole widening the lumen

Question 30

What is anastomosis

Answer 30

arteries connect with each other without intervening capillary -Provides alternative route for blood to supply the cells distal to an arterial occlusion (blockage)

Question 31

What are end arteries What does occlusion of them cause

Answer 31

Only arterial blood supply to a given area Occlusion results in infarction

Question 32

What is Infarction

Answer 32

Irreversible cell death due to hypoxia caused by loss of arterial blood

Question 33

What does the aorta do during a full heartbeat

Answer 33

1. Oxygenated blood enters aorta 2. Receives blood at HIGH pressure during systole 3. Elastic walls expand under this pressure 4. Elastic recoil maintains peripheral flow in DIASTOLE

Question 34

What are the 4 parts of the aorta & how many branches do they have

Answer 34

1. Ascending aorta (2 branches) 2. Arch of the aorta (3 branches) 3. Thoracic aorta (Numerous branches) 4. Abdominal aorta(3 unpaired midline branches & several paired bilateral)

Question 35

What are the 3 branches of the Arch of the aorta

Answer 35

1. Brachiocephalic trunk 2. Left common carotid artery 3. Left subclavian artery

Question 36

What is the basic upper limb blood supply pathway of left arm

Answer 36

Left subclavian artery → Left axillary artery → Left brachial artery → BIFURCATION Left ulnar artery & left radial artery

Question 37

Where can you feel a pulse in your neck

Answer 37

Carotid (Bifurcation of common carotid artery)

Question 38

Where can you feel a pulse in an arm x2

Answer 38

Brachial artery (anterior to elbow joint) Radial artery (radial side of palmer wrist aspect)

Question 39

Where can you feel a pulse in the leg x2 and foot x1

Answer 39

Femoral artery (continuation of external iliac artery) Popliteal artery (posterior to knee joint) Dorsalis pedis artery (dorsum of foot)

Question 40

What blood do veins carry

Answer 40

De oxygenated

Question 41

What do veins have that arteries don't

Answer 41

Valves

Question 42

Key principles on veins

Answer 42

-low pressure, no pulse -Drain blood away from a territory -Have tributaries -Thin walled collapse when empty

Question 43

How does venous blood flow back towards the heart (whats it assisted by)

Answer 43

1. Venous valves (ensure unidirectional flow back to the heart against gravity) 2. Muscular contraction (Contraction of lower limb skeletal muscles) 3. Venae comitantes (Small veins run in pairs/more with artery in sheath, arterial pulsation pushes venous blood along )

Question 44

What are superficial vs. deep veins

Answer 44

Superficial are smaller, closer to surface and run in superficial fascia then DRAIN INTO DEEP Deep are larger and run deep to deep fascia and in cavities

Question 45

What are the 2 main venous systems

Answer 45

Hepatic Systemic

Question 46

What does hepatic venous system do

Answer 46

Drains venous blood from GI TRACT and associated organs to PORTAL VEIN

Question 47

What does systemic venous system do

Answer 47

Drains venous blood from all other organs and tissues to SUPERIOR OR INFERIOR vena cava

Question 48

What do capillaries allow for

Answer 48

Allow exchange of gases, metabolites and waste products -Concerned with single endothelium layer

Question 49

What is lymphatic circulation

Answer 49

- Tissue fluid gathers in extracellular space -Taken up by lymphatic capillaries (Now called Lymph) -Lymph carried to lymph nodes, and retured back to veins in root of neck

Question 50

What is the thoracic duct

Answer 50

Only lymphatic vessel large enough to be found in dissection -Drains lymph into left venous angle