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Foundation of Medicine > Musculoskeletal System- Movement > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System- Movement Flashcards

1
Q

What is the musculoskeletal system

A

The skeleton (which includes bones, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage) and muscles that are attached to it

-Gives basic structure of body, posture and ability to move

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2
Q

What sensations are detected by sensory receptors of joint nerves

A
  • Pain
  • Touch
  • Temperature
  • Proprioception (lets us perceive the location, movement, and action of parts of the body)
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3
Q

where do arteries supplying joints arise from

A

Large named arteries located near the joint- articular branches

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4
Q

What is an arterial anastomoses

A

Provides wider path for blood to flow round joints

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5
Q

What are the subtypes of joints

A
  • Synovial
  • Cartilaginous
  • Fibrous
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6
Q

What is a compromise profile of joint subtypes

A

Each subtype compromises between mobility and stability:

-Increased mobility= decreased stability
-Decreased mobility= increased stability

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7
Q

What are fibrous joints

A

Have generally limited mobility with high stability
There are 3 types

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8
Q

What are the 3 types of fibrous joints

A

Syndesmoses
Sutures
Fontanelles

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9
Q

What is a syndesmoses fibrous joint

A

unites bones with fibrous sheet
fibrous membrane
e.g. interosseous membranes
partially movable

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10
Q

What are sutures fibrous joint

A

between bones of skull
e.g. coronal suture
highly stable

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11
Q

What are fontanelles fibrous joint

A

Wide sutures in neonatal skull

Get: anterior, posterior and lateral fontanelles

Allow skull to move relative to each other when passing through the birth canal- head is smaller

allow the growing frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital bones to ‘slide’ over each other

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12
Q

What are cartilaginous joints

A

have fairly limited mobility but relative stability
There are 2 types

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joint

A

-Primary cartilaginous
-Secondary cartilaginous

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14
Q

What is primary cartilaginous

A
  • synchondroses
  • bones joined by hyaline cartilage
  • e.g. long bone epiphyseal growth plate
  • permit growth in length of bone
  • ossification and fusion

slips= slipped femoral epiphysis

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15
Q

what is secondary cartilaginous

A
  • symphyses
  • strong
  • slightly movable
  • fibrocartilage
  • e.g. intervertebral discs

Slips= slipped disc, can compress spinal cord

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16
Q

What are typical features of synovial joints

A
  1. 2 or more bones articulating with each other
  2. articular surfaces are covered in hyaline ‘articular’ cartilage
  3. a capsule wraps around the joint
  4. contains a joint cavity
    contains synovial fluid (cushions, nourishes and lubricates)
  5. supported by ligaments
  6. associated with skeletal muscles and their tendons
  7. associated with bursae
    prevent friction around joint
    extensions of joint cavity or closed sacs separate from the joint cavity
  8. often have special features
    unique features found in different synovial joints e.g. articular disc in TMJ joint
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17
Q

What does hyaline do

A

Prevents friction between bones

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18
Q

What do ligaments do

A

Connect bone to bone

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19
Q

What do tendons do

A

Connect bone to muscle
Non-contractile and only transfer force

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20
Q

What are the 5 subtypes of synovial joints

A
  1. Ball & socket
  2. Hinge
  3. Plane
  4. Pivot
  5. Biaxial
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21
Q

What are ball & socket joints

A

Have good range of multi-axial movement e.g. circumduction

22
Q

What are hinge joints

A

Have reasonable range of movement in one plane

23
Q

What are plane joints

A

Minimal movement in 1 plane

24
Q

what are pivot joints

A

> 45 degree angle of ‘Shaking the head’ rotation

25
Q

What are biaxial joints

A

Have reasonable range of movement in one plane and less in another

26
Q

What is decreasing order of joint mobility in adult body

A
  1. Synovial (Although least stable)
  2. Cartilaginous
  3. Fibrous
27
Q

What is hypermobility

A

Joints are more mobile and flexible than normal

28
Q

What ball and socket joint has a tighter fit: Shoulder or hip

A

Hips are tighter so more stable

= However hip joints have less mobility than shoulder

29
Q

The shape of what surface determines joints possible movements

A

articular surface (Where ends of bones meet)

30
Q

What is subluxation

A

There is a reduced ares of contact between articular surfaces

31
Q

What is dislocation

A

There is a complete loss of contact between articular surfaces

32
Q

What are some common dislocations

A
  • Craniovertebral joints( connects
    skull to vertebrae)
  • temporomandibular joints
  • Shoulder joints
  • Elbow joints
  • Hip joints
  • Knee joints
  • Ankle joints
33
Q

What are temporomandibular joints
(TMJ’s)

A

SYNOVIAL articulation between:
- the mandibular fossa & the articular tubercle of the temporal bone superiorly

  • the head of the condylar process of the mandible inferiorly
34
Q

Where are skeletal muscles usually found

A

Deep to deep fascia
with tough fibrous connective tissue coverings

35
Q

What do longer muscle fibres have greater potential ranges of (x2)

A
  • Shortening
    -Movement produced at a joint
36
Q

What is the function of skeletal muscle

A

Move origin and insertion closer together during contraction - muscle fibres shorten along axis

37
Q

What is an Aponeurosis

A

A flattened tendon- associated with flat muscles
Attaches muscle to soft tissue instead if bone

38
Q

What must you know for each muscle

A

Name
Attachments
Main Actions
Nerve Supply
How to clinically test it

39
Q

How are clinical examinations of skeletal muscles carried out

A

Testing ability to move and power of movement

Testing muscle itself and the nerve(s) supplying it

Can be carried out by asking patient to make movements

Or by testing reflexes

40
Q

What are the 2 main reflexes in skeletal muscles

A
  • Stretch Reflex
  • Flexion withdrawal reflex
41
Q

What is a Flexion withdrawal reflex

A

Touch something potentially damaging- Sudden flexion to withdraw from the danger

(nerve connections only at spinal cord level BRAIN NOT INVOLVED)

42
Q

What is a stretch reflex

A

a tendon hammer is used to apply a brief, sudden stretch to the muscle via its tendon

normal reflex response to being stretched is to contract

reflex contraction results in a brief twitch of the muscle belly or a movement in the normal direction

reflexes are protective against overstretching

43
Q

Examples of stretch reflexes

A

biceps jerk
triceps jerk
knee jerk
ankle jerk

44
Q

Deep tendon reflexes

A

Sensory nerve from muscle detects stretch and tells spinal cord

Motor nerve (synapse between sensory and motor nerves) from spinal cord passes message telling muscle to contract

Whole route taken by action potentials is reflex arc (brain prevents reflex from being overly brisk

45
Q

What does a normal stretch reflex indicate is working normally

A

The muscle
Sensory nerve fibres
Motor nerve fibres
Spinal cord connections between the 2
Neuromuscular junction
Brains descending controls

46
Q

What is muscle paralysis

A

Muscle without a functioning motor nerve supply - cannot contract

(Examination- Muscle would have reduced tone= floppy)

47
Q

What is muscle Spasticity

A

Muscle has intact and functioning motor nerve but descending controls from brain are not working

(Examination- Muscle would have increased tone= Tighter)

48
Q

What is muscle atrophy

A

‘Wasting’ of the muscles
- Muscle fibres become smaller reducing muscle bulk

49
Q

Why does muscle atrophy occur

A

Due to result of inactivity e.g.
immobilisation after fracture
damage to motor nerve supply

50
Q

What is muscle hypertrophy

A

Skeletal muscles enlarge as each individual myocyte enlarges

Foundation of Medicine (23 decks)

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