Musculoskeletal System- Movement Flashcards by Gabrielle Pascoe

What is the musculoskeletal system

The skeleton (which includes bones, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage) and muscles that are attached to it

-Gives basic structure of body, posture and ability to move

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What sensations are detected by sensory receptors of joint nerves

Pain
Touch
Temperature
Proprioception (lets us perceive the location, movement, and action of parts of the body)

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where do arteries supplying joints arise from

Large named arteries located near the joint- articular branches

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What is an arterial anastomoses

Provides wider path for blood to flow round joints

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What are the subtypes of joints

Synovial
Cartilaginous
Fibrous

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What is a compromise profile of joint subtypes

Each subtype compromises between mobility and stability:

-Increased mobility= decreased stability
-Decreased mobility= increased stability

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What are fibrous joints

Have generally limited mobility with high stability
There are 3 types

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What are the 3 types of fibrous joints

Syndesmoses
Sutures
Fontanelles

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What is a syndesmoses fibrous joint

unites bones with fibrous sheet
fibrous membrane
e.g. interosseous membranes
partially movable

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What are sutures fibrous joint

between bones of skull
e.g. coronal suture
highly stable

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What are fontanelles fibrous joint

Wide sutures in neonatal skull

Get: anterior, posterior and lateral fontanelles

Allow skull to move relative to each other when passing through the birth canal- head is smaller

allow the growing frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital bones to ‘slide’ over each other

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What are cartilaginous joints

have fairly limited mobility but relative stability
There are 2 types

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What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joint

-Primary cartilaginous
-Secondary cartilaginous

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What is primary cartilaginous

synchondroses
bones joined by hyaline cartilage
e.g. long bone epiphyseal growth plate
permit growth in length of bone
ossification and fusion

slips= slipped femoral epiphysis

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what is secondary cartilaginous

symphyses
strong
slightly movable
fibrocartilage
e.g. intervertebral discs

Slips= slipped disc, can compress spinal cord

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What are typical features of synovial joints

2 or more bones articulating with each other
articular surfaces are covered in hyaline ‘articular’ cartilage
a capsule wraps around the joint
contains a joint cavity
contains synovial fluid (cushions, nourishes and lubricates)
supported by ligaments
associated with skeletal muscles and their tendons
associated with bursae
prevent friction around joint
extensions of joint cavity or closed sacs separate from the joint cavity
often have special features
unique features found in different synovial joints e.g. articular disc in TMJ joint

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What does hyaline do

Prevents friction between bones

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What do ligaments do

Connect bone to bone

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What do tendons do

Connect bone to muscle
Non-contractile and only transfer force

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What are the 5 subtypes of synovial joints

Ball & socket
Hinge
Plane
Pivot
Biaxial

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What are ball & socket joints

Have good range of multi-axial movement e.g. circumduction

What are hinge joints

Have reasonable range of movement in one plane

What are plane joints

Minimal movement in 1 plane

what are pivot joints

> 45 degree angle of ‘Shaking the head’ rotation

What are biaxial joints

Have reasonable range of movement in one plane and less in another

What is decreasing order of joint mobility in adult body

1. Synovial (Although least stable) 2. Cartilaginous 3. Fibrous

What is hypermobility

Joints are more mobile and flexible than normal

What ball and socket joint has a tighter fit: Shoulder or hip

Hips are tighter so more stable = However hip joints have less mobility than shoulder

The shape of what surface determines joints possible movements

articular surface (Where ends of bones meet)

What is subluxation

There is a reduced ares of contact between articular surfaces

What is dislocation

There is a complete loss of contact between articular surfaces

What are some common dislocations

- Craniovertebral joints( connects skull to vertebrae) - temporomandibular joints - Shoulder joints - Elbow joints - Hip joints - Knee joints - Ankle joints

What are temporomandibular joints (TMJ's)

SYNOVIAL articulation between: - the mandibular fossa & the articular tubercle of the temporal bone superiorly - the head of the condylar process of the mandible inferiorly

Where are skeletal muscles usually found

Deep to deep fascia with tough fibrous connective tissue coverings

What do longer muscle fibres have greater potential ranges of (x2)

- Shortening -Movement produced at a joint

What is the function of skeletal muscle

Move origin and insertion closer together during contraction - muscle fibres shorten along axis

What is an Aponeurosis

A flattened tendon- associated with flat muscles Attaches muscle to soft tissue instead if bone

What must you know for each muscle

Name Attachments Main Actions Nerve Supply How to clinically test it

How are clinical examinations of skeletal muscles carried out

Testing ability to move and power of movement Testing muscle itself and the nerve(s) supplying it Can be carried out by asking patient to make movements Or by testing reflexes

What are the 2 main reflexes in skeletal muscles

- Stretch Reflex - Flexion withdrawal reflex

What is a Flexion withdrawal reflex

Touch something potentially damaging- Sudden flexion to withdraw from the danger (nerve connections only at spinal cord level BRAIN NOT INVOLVED)

What is a stretch reflex

a tendon hammer is used to apply a brief, sudden stretch to the muscle via its tendon normal reflex response to being stretched is to contract reflex contraction results in a brief twitch of the muscle belly or a movement in the normal direction reflexes are protective against overstretching

Examples of stretch reflexes

biceps jerk triceps jerk knee jerk ankle jerk

Deep tendon reflexes

Sensory nerve from muscle detects stretch and tells spinal cord Motor nerve (synapse between sensory and motor nerves) from spinal cord passes message telling muscle to contract Whole route taken by action potentials is reflex arc (brain prevents reflex from being overly brisk

What does a normal stretch reflex indicate is working normally

The muscle Sensory nerve fibres Motor nerve fibres Spinal cord connections between the 2 Neuromuscular junction Brains descending controls

What is muscle paralysis

Muscle without a functioning motor nerve supply - cannot contract (Examination- Muscle would have reduced tone= floppy)

What is muscle Spasticity

Muscle has intact and functioning motor nerve but descending controls from brain are not working (Examination- Muscle would have increased tone= Tighter)

What is muscle atrophy

'Wasting' of the muscles - Muscle fibres become smaller reducing muscle bulk

Why does muscle atrophy occur

Due to result of inactivity e.g. immobilisation after fracture damage to motor nerve supply

What is muscle hypertrophy

Skeletal muscles enlarge as each individual myocyte enlarges