Anatomy Basic Concepts

Question 1

What is anatomical position

Answer 1

Patient standing
Facing forwards
Face and eyes looking anteriorly
Upper limbs by side
Palms facing anteriorly
Feet together, toes anteriorly

Question 2

What are positions patients can be in

Answer 2

Seated
Supine (lying on back)
Prone (lying on front)
In front of your patient
At side of your patient
Behind your patient

Question 3

What are the 4 anatomical planes

Answer 3

Sagittal
Medial
Coronal
Axial (transverse)

Question 4

What is sagittal plane

Answer 4

Dividing right to left vertically through the body (longitudinal)

Question 5

What is medial plane

Answer 5

Sagittal plane going directly down midline of body (divides into equal halves)

Question 6

What is coronal plane

Answer 6

Divide from front to back when going from anterior to posterior

Question 7

What is axial/transverse plane

Answer 7

Divide the body horizontally between superior and inferior

Question 8

What is anterior, posterior & middle

Answer 8

Anterior- Nearer the front of the body
Posterior- Nearer the back of the body
Middle- In the middle of the body

Question 9

What is superior and inferior

Answer 9

Superior- Nearer the top of the head
Inferior- Nearer the bottom of the feed

(Cranial-top, Caudal- bottom used in embryonic development)

Question 10

What is medial and lateral

Answer 10

Medial- Nearer the midline/medial plane
Lateral- Further from the midline/medial plane

Question 11

What is proximal and distal

Answer 11

Proximal- Nearer to the attachment of limb to body
Distal- Further from the attachment of limb to body

Question 12

What is superficial and deep

Answer 12

Superficial- Nearer body surface
Deep- Further from body surface

Question 13

What is external and internal

Answer 13

External- Further from centre of body
Internal- Nearer to centre of body

Question 14

What is major and minor

Answer 14

Major- Relatively larger structure compared to minor
Minor- Relatively smaller structure compared to major

Question 15

What is dorsal

Answer 15

Surface which refers to its back/upper side

Question 16

What is dorsal surface of wrist, hand, tongue and foot

Answer 16

Wrist= Posterior surface
Hand= Posterior surface
Tongue= Superior surface
Foot= Superior surface

Question 17

What are dorsal opposites of wrist, hand, tongue and foot

Answer 17

Wrist= Anterior surface, Volar
Hand= Anterior surface, Palmar
Tongue= Inferior surface, Ventral
Foot = Inferior surface, Plantar

Question 18

What is unilateral

Answer 18

Structure is found on one side of the body e.g. appendix

Question 19

What is bilateral

Answer 19

Structure is found on both sides of the body e.g. paired= lungs

Question 20

What is midline

Answer 20

Single structure found located on or near median plane
e.g. heart

Question 21

What is ipsilateral

Answer 21

Structure is on the SAME side as other structure its being COMPARED too

Question 22

What is contralateral

Answer 22

Structure is on the DIFFERENT side as the other structure it is being COMPARED too

Question 23

What are example of combined anatomical terms

Answer 23

Superolateral- Near top of head going outwards
Superomedial- Near top of head in the middle

Anterosuperior- Front of body towards top
Anteroinferior- Front of body towards bottom

Question 24

What is flexion

Answer 24

Decreasing the angle between bones at a joint

Question 25

What is extension

Answer 25

Increasing the angle between bones at a joint

Question 26

What is the rule for superior anterior movements of knee

Answer 26

All anterior movements at joints superior to the knee are FLEXIONS

Question 27

What is the rule for inferior anterior movements of knee

Answer 27

All anterior movements inferior to the knee joint are EXTENSIONS

Question 28

What is abduction and adduction

Answer 28

Abduction- Movement away from median plane Adduction- Movement towards the median plane

Question 29

What is internal/medial rotation and external/lateral rotation

Answer 29

Internal/Medial- Rotation towards median plane of anterior surface External/Lateral- Rotation away from the median plane of anterior surfaces

Question 30

What is circumduction

Answer 30

Circular motion at a joint

Question 31

What movement terms are specific for the feet

Answer 31

Eversion/ Inversion Dorsiflexion/ Plantarflexion

Question 32

What is eversion/ inversion of foot

Answer 32

Eversion- Sole rotates away from median plane to face laterally Inversion- Sole rotates towards median plane to face medially

Question 33

What is Dorsiflexion/ Plantarflexion of foot

Answer 33

Dorsiflexion- Upward flexion of foot Plantarflexion- Downwards flexion of foot

Question 34

What movement terms are specific for the forearm

Answer 34

Pronation/ Supination Semi prone

Question 35

What is pronation/ supination of forearm

Answer 35

Pronation- anterior forearm surfaces rotate so palms face posteriorly Supination- from pronated position back to anatomical position so palms face anteriorly

Question 36

What is semi-prone of forearm

Answer 36

position of forearm & hand midway between the supine and prone positions

Question 37

What movement terms are specific for the hand

Answer 37

Extension/Flexion (wrist & digits) Opposition/Reposition (digits) (thumb touches finger then back to anatomical) Pronation/Supination (palm) Abduction/Adduction (digits)

Question 38

What movement terms are specific for thumbs

Answer 38

Abduction/ Adduction (Anteriorly away from palm/ back to palm after adduction) Extension/Flexion (thumb lateral from palm/ Thumb folded across palm) Opposition/Reposition (Thumb toughing fingers and back to anatomical)

Question 39

What is elevation and depression

Answer 39

Elevation- rising something up Depression- Taking something down e.g. shoulders

Question 40

What is protrusion and retrusion

Answer 40

Protrusion- moving jaw forewords Retrusion- moving jaw backwards

Question 41

What is protraction and retraction

Answer 41

Protraction- anterior movement Retraction- posterior movement of scapula