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Foundation of Medicine > Histology of Blood Vessels & Film > Flashcards

Histology of Blood Vessels & Film Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood vessels pathway

A

Arteries
Elastic arteries
Muscular arteries
Arterioles (to Terminal arterioles)
Meta Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Post capillary venule
Vein

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2
Q

What are the 3 layers of blood vessels

A

Tunica Intima (inner)
Tunica Media
Tunica Adventitia (outer)

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3
Q

What is tunica intima

A

Single layer of squamous epithelial cells supported by basal lamina & connective tissue

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4
Q

What is tunica media

A

Smooth muscle layer with elastic fibres which thickness depends upon specific vessel

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5
Q

What is tunica adventitia

A

Made of supporting connective tissue with elastic fibres and fibroblasts

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6
Q

What separates tunica intima and tunica media

A

Internal Elastic membrane
(layer of elastic tissue)

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7
Q

What separates the Tunica media from tunica adventitia

A

External Elastic membrane
(layer of elastic tissue)

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8
Q

In large arteries what is smooth muscle in tunica media replaced with

A

Sheets of elastic arteries
= therefore called elastic arteries as provide elastic recoil

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9
Q

What is the thickness of tunica media in arteries

A

Tunica media thickness is GREATER than the tunica adventitia thickness

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10
Q

What is the thickness of tunica media in veins

A

Tunica media thickness is LESS THAN the tunica adventitia thickness

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11
Q

What is vasa vasorum in large arteries

A

Vessels have their own blood supply

(only inner wall gets the nutrients from lumen)

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12
Q

What are arterioles

A

Smallest division of muscular arteries

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13
Q

How do arteries turn into arterioles

A

When smooth muscle is lost from tunica media until only 1 or 2 layers are left with almost no adventitia

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14
Q

What is a terminal arteriole

A

Has no internal lamina & is covered by continuous smooth muscle cell coat

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15
Q

What is meta arteriole and what does it turn into

A

Smooth muscle replaced by dis-continuous & non-contractile cells
(Called pericytes)
These terminate into Capillaries

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16
Q

What are capillaries comprised of

A

Endothelial cells and basal lamina

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17
Q

Where are capillaries absent

A

Cornea of eye

Hyaline cartilage

Epidermis of skin, hair & nails

Epithelial cells resting on basement membrane

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18
Q

What are the 3 types of capillary

A

Continuous (No gaps)
Fenestrated (Small pores)
Discontinuous (Large gaps)

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19
Q

Where are continuous capillaries found

A

Muscle
Nerves
Lung
Skin

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20
Q

Where are fenestrated capillaries found

A

Gut mucosa
Endocrine glands
Kidneys

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21
Q

Where are discontinuous capillaries found

A

Liver
Spleen
Bone marrow

22
Q

What are the different routes to get from small arteriole to
post-capillary venule

A

-Metarterioles
-Throughfare channels
-Capillaries
-Precapillary sphincters

23
Q

What are venules comprised of

A

Endothelial cell lines and contain thin layer of connective tissue

24
Q

When can a venule be classified

A

Once smooth muscle cells have been reacquired in tunica media

25
Q

What are venules important sites of

A

Exchange
e.g. cells moving into tissue during inflammation

26
Q

What are veins comprised of

A

Thin layer of tunica media and obvious tunica adventitia

27
Q

Where does lymph vascular system transport tissue fluid to and how is flow controlled

A

Lymph taken to lymph nodes for immunological surveillance

Flow maintained by smooth muscle, hydrostatic pressure in tissue and compression by voluntary muscles

28
Q

What are the components of blood

A

Formed elements 45%
Plasma 55%

29
Q

What’s classified as formed elements

A

Red cells
Platelets
White cells (Granulocytes or agranulocytes)

30
Q

What’s classified as plasma

A

Water 90%
Proteins
Nutrients
Salts

31
Q

What types of white blood cells are granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

32
Q

What type of white blood cells are agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes
Monocytes

33
Q

What is centrifugation

A

Separates components of blood depending on density

Red cells densest and found of the bottom
White cells next
Plasma (liquid) is found at the top

34
Q

What is serum

A

Liquid remaining when clotting factors are removed first by the blood

-Achieved by allowing blood to clot, removing clot before centrifugation

35
Q

What are erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells

Biconcave discs about 7um in diameter

36
Q

Why are mature erythrocytes not true cells

A

Have no nucleus or organelles
1/3 volume taken up by haemoglobin

37
Q

What does cytoskeleton of red blood cells allow them to do

A

As its flexible they can deform and slip through spaces smaller than themselves

38
Q

How long do red blood cells last and what removes them

A

4 months
Removed by spleen and liver

39
Q

What is a haematocrit

A

Proportion of blood that is red blood cells

e.g. haematocrit of 40 = 40% of volume is cells and rest is plasma

40
Q

What are the proportions of 5 different leukocytes (White blood cells)

A

Neutrophils 40-75%
Eosinophils 5%
Basophils 0.5%
Lymphocytes 20-50%
Monocytes 1-5%

41
Q

What is a neutrophil

A
  • Most common type of leukocyte
  • Cytoplasm has MANY granules however stain poorly
  • Prominent multi-lobed nucleus
42
Q

How long do neutrophils last

A

short lived

  • so even though they are abundant a significant proportion of bone marrow is devoted to their production
43
Q

When are neutrophils stimulated from inactive circulating state

A

e.g. Presence of bacteria by inflammation
Enter tissue to be highly motile phagocytes

44
Q

What are eosinophils

A
  • Bilobed nucleus
  • Granules contain hydrolytic enzymes which induce and maintain inflammation in allergic reactions & asthma

-Important in fighting parasitic infection

-Slightly larger than neutrophils

45
Q

What dye do eosinophils have affinity for

A

Red acidic dye eosin due to prominent cytoplasmic granules

46
Q

What are basophils

A
  • Bilobed nucleus obscured by granules

-Granules contain histamine, heparin & inflammatory mediators

  • Effector cells in allergic reactions
47
Q

What dyes do basophils have high affinity for

A

Basic dyes e.g. methylene blue due to prominent granules, staining intense blue/purple

48
Q

What are monocytes

A
  • Numerous small lysosomal granules in cytoplasm
  • Largest cells circulating in blood
  • Non-lobed nucleus (kidney bean shaped)
49
Q

What do monocytes serve as

A

precursors of tissue macrophages
Together form Mononuclear phagocyte system

50
Q

What are examples of mononuclear phagocytic system cells which reside in specific tissues and are not wanderers

A

Kupffer cells = Liver
Microglia = Brain
Langerhans’s cells= Skin

51
Q

What are lymphocytes

A
  • Round nucleus
  • Surrounded by thin rim of cytoplasm with no visible granules
  • B & T cells, both arise in bone marrow but T differentiate in thymus
52
Q

What do platelets play a key role in

A

Haemostasis which is the prevention of blood loss

-Found on large numbers in the blood, small fragments (No nucleus)

Foundation of Medicine (23 decks)

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