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Gross Anatomy > Nervous System & Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Nervous System & Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

What is central nervous system?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What are parts of brain?

A

Brain stem
Cerebellum
Cerebrum

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3
Q

Functions of brainstem? Cerebellum? Cerebrum?

A

Basic functions (respiration)
Movement/motor coordination/ motor learning
Personality, decision making, cognitive

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4
Q

What does peripheral nervous system have?

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves

31 pairs of spinal nerves

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5
Q

Where do cranial nerves go to? Spinal nerves?

A

Peripheral nerves to the brain

Goes out to body

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6
Q

What does nervous system have?

A

Neurons and glia

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7
Q

What do neurons contain?

A

Cell body, dendrites and axon

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8
Q

Which are there more in nervous system: glia or neuron? What are glia functions?

A

Support/ nourish neurons
Maintain electrical balance by mopping up excess K+
Signaling

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9
Q

What type of neuron that is sensory and signal info comin to NS?

A

Afferent

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10
Q

What neurons that is responsible for motor and bein sent out of NS?

A

Efferent

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11
Q

How do neurons communicate?

A

Via action potentials

Synapses: presynapstic contact with post-synapstic and release neurotransmitter to create potential

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12
Q

What is it called if dense cell bodies in PNS? Dense axons of PNS?

A

Ganglion

Nerves

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13
Q

Why is the most dense axons called white matter?

A

Because of Myelin sheath

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14
Q

What is it called if dense cells in CNS? What is it called if dense axons in CNS?

A

Gray matter

White matter

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15
Q

What are nerves in primary afferent system?

A

Bundles of axons

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16
Q

What axon is surrounded by?

A

Endoneurium
Epineurium
Perineuriun

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17
Q

How does blood supply axons?

A

Blood supply via epineurium with capillaries

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18
Q

What determine the regeneration?

Why?

A

Dependent on how well aligned the connective tissue

Because it is easy for axons to grow across small gap and reach the endoneurium tubes

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19
Q

What happen if axons dont reach the tube endoneurium?

A

The axons die

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20
Q

What does meninges do?

A

Connective tissue enclose CNS

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21
Q

What tough connective tissue which is outer layer enclose CNS? What other name for it?

A

Dura mater

Hard mother

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22
Q

What is aracnoid? Its structure?

A

The second layer below dura mater that connect to deepest layer

Weblike structure

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23
Q

What is called “soft mother”?

A

Pia mater. The deepest layer of meninges

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24
Q

What is subaracnoid space? What circulate through it?

A 
Space btw pia and arcanoid.
Cerebrospinal fluid (csf)
25
Q

CSF functions?

A

Support/suspect the brain
Protect brains
Bring nutrients

26
Q

What are major reflex center?

A

Stretc reflex, tendon jerk, scratch/wipe

27
Q

Where does spinal cord extend fron and to?

A

Foramen magnum to L1 and L2 vertebrae

28
Q

How spinal cord travels? How is it protected?

A

Travel in vertebrae canal

Bone/ ligamentso/meninges/ CSf

29
Q

Why brachial/cervical are larger than others?

A

Because the need to innervate limbs and contain more motor neurons

30
Q

Where do you find conus medullaries?

A

End of spinal cord btw L1-L2

31
Q

What part lf interneuron is in? What is the other name for it?

A

Entire in CNS and not PNS

Intermediate zone

32
Q

What does lumbosacral enlargment innervate?

A

Legs

33
Q

How many pair of nerves is there for spinal segment?

A

A pair

34
Q

What attaches to sacral hiatus?

A

Filum terminale

35
Q

Where is cauda equina located?

A

Lumbar cistern

36
Q

What grow more vertebrae or spinal cord?

A

Vertebrae

37
Q

What is dorsal horn for? Ventral horn for?

A

Sensory

Motor

38
Q

What and where is lateral horn?

A

Its preganglionic SNS

In lumbar and upper sacral

39
Q

Spinal nerves is a mixed of what?

A

Sensory and motor

40
Q

What is dorsal ramus? Where it goes to?

A

Mixed of sensory and motor.

It goes to deep back muscles and overlying skins

41
Q

What is ventral rimus? Where does it go to?

A

Sensory and motor.

To remaining trunk and limbs

42
Q

Location and number of spinal nerves?

A 
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
43
Q

Why thoracic vertebrae are smaller than the cervical?

A

Because cervical has more axon (white matter) for arms legs and trunk

44
Q

% of white/gray in cervical C1 and L4?

A

70-30%

50-50%

45
Q

What are meninges of spinal cord?

A

Dura
Arachnoid
Pia mater
Denticulate ligament

46
Q

What does pia mater make up?

A

Filum terminale

Denticulate ligament

47
Q

Denticulate ligament? What is it function? Where is not founded?

A

Later projection of pia that attach to walls of vertebrae canal.

Help suspend the spinal cord
The brain

48
Q

For epidura block, where do you insert your needle?

A

Into the epidural space

49
Q

Where do you insert needle for spinal block/ lumbar puncture?

What location to insert

A

In subarchanoid space

Below l2

50
Q

How much blood the anterior spinal artery supply? Posterior spinal artery?

A

2/3

1/3

51
Q

What are vertebrae arteries that supply for all over the spinal cord? What part of vertebrae is supplied solely by them?

A

Anterior/posterior spinal arteries

Upper cervical segments

52
Q

What arteries supply the below cervical segments?

A

Anter/post segmental medullary arteries

53
Q

Where does anterior/post segmental medullary arteries come from?

A

Branch of intercostal and lhmbar arteries

54
Q

Where does give off intercostal arteries?

A

Thorax (btw ribs)

55
Q

What is venous plexi used for? Why?

A

Alternate return path. Because its more flexible than arteries, it can be used to control blood volume

56
Q

Dermatome

A

Strip of skin innervated by spinal nerve

57
Q

Myotome

A

The innervation of muscle by spinal nerves

58
Q

What is spinal cord?

A

Spinal cord is the continuation of brain stem

59
Q

Where does spinal nerves depart from and to?

A

Spinal cord to become involved in PNS system

Gross Anatomy (28 decks)

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