Back and posterior shoulder Flashcards
1
Q
What are the four curves of vertebrae
A
2 primary - kiphotic
2 secondary - lordotic
2
Q
What are those primary curves?
A
thoracic and sacral
3
Q
why it is called primary curves?
A
Because they stay where they are (concave anteriorly) since we are in embryo
4
Q
What are those secondary curves?
A
cervical and lumbar
5
Q
Why is it called 2nd curves?
A
because they anterior convexity when we grow up
6
Q
what is primary curves called?
A
kyphotic
7
Q
What is secondary curves called
A
lordotic
8
Q
What is scoliosis? what does it lead to?
A
the spine curves laterally. Less stability and organ interference and short/long muscle
9
Q
What part is the body of the vertebrae column?
A
Anterior (round part)
10
Q
What part is the arch?
A
the posterior
11
Q
Where is the pedicles?
A
feet of the body
12
Q
What makes up the vertebral foramen
A
pedicles and laminae
13
Q
What does go through vertebral foramen
A
spinal cord
14
Q
What make up vertebral canal
A
series of vertebral foramen
15
Q
What part of vertebrae column (body or arch) that attach to most muscles?
A
arches which attach to back muscle
16
Q
where is the vertebral foramen
A
between the body and the arch
17
Q
How many vertebrae processes are there?
A
3 - ( 2 transverse, 1 spinous)
18
Q
How many articular processes?
A
4 - (2 superior, 2 inferior)
19
Q
Where is transverse process located?
A
where laminae and pedicle meet
20
Q
Where is spinous process?
A
where are two laminae meet
21
Q
Where does the spinal nerve come out?
A
Intervertebral foramen
22
Q
How many vertebral columns are there?
A
33 vertebrae
23
Q
How does the body size of vertebral columns progess as go down column?
A
Vertebral bodies increase in size and sacral vertebrae fused
24
Q
What does cervical vertebrae have?
A
large transverse processes with foramen transversarium and bifid spinous processes
25
What does thoracic vertebrae have?
long sloping spinous processes and costal facets for articulations with ribs
26
What is the facet?
Articulating surfaces
27
Where are the costal facets for articulations with ribs on thoracic vertabrae?
transverse process and the body of thoracic vertebrae
28
What is the characteristic of sacrum?
5 sacral vertebrae are fused (so is coccyx)
29
Where is the sacral hiatus?
the posterior sacral where arch is missing (4,5 sacral vertebrae)
30
where does the filum terminale attach?
sacral hiatus
31
What are two types of joints in vertebrae columns?
between bodies and between the arches
32
what are joints between vertebral bodies?
symphysis joints and intervertebral dics (diarthroses)
33
Characteristics of symphysis joints ?
covered in hyaline cartilage with a fibrocartilagenous disc in the middle
34
why vertebrae bodies increase in size as go down column?
because it has to support its whole body (head, trunk, arms. legs)
35
where is annulus fibrosus?
the perimeter of disc that are very fibrous and criss-crosses
36
Where is nucleus pulposus?
In the middle of vertebrae column (of body)
37
Characteristics of nucleus Pulposus?
less fibers. compressible (more water) gel allowing it to support weight
38
What are parts of intervertebral discs?
annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus
39
What happens in ruptured disks?
Tear in annulus fibrosus allowing the nucleus pulposus to protrude out and touch the spinal nerve (thus compressing spinal nerve and hurt)
40
Where does ruptured disks mostly happen?
95% in L4-S1
| 5% in C6-C7
41
Where does nucleus pulposus most likely to protrude? why?
posteriorally and laterally. Because annulus is thinner and posterior longitudal ligamen reinforces the middle
42
What is the joint between the vertebral arches called?
zygapophyseal joint/ facet joint
43
what is the characteristics of plane joints?
allowing small amount of movement
44
Why you look taller in the morning and shorter at night?
due to the compression of nucleus pulposus
45
What is the purpose of fascet joints in arches?
limit the movement of spine
46
What is the order of rotation of vertebral column as move down?
it decreases (cervical - largest rotation, thoracic, lumbar)
47
What is the order of flexion/extension?
largest in cervical/lumbar region
48
What is the order of lateral bending?
small everywhere but smalles in thorax
49
How many kinds of ligaments in vertebrae?
6 ( 3 intersegmental and 3 intrasegmental)
50
Why is it called intersegmental?
because it run btw many segments
51
Why is it called intrasegmental?
because it connects adjacent the vertebrae
52
What are three intersegmental?
anterior longitudinal, posterior longitudinal and supraspinous
53
where does the anterior longitudinal run?
along the anterior of vertebral column from sacrum to C2
54
What is anterior longitudinal's function?
resist extension
55
Where does posterior longitudinal run?
inside the vertebral canal from sacrum to C2
56
What is posterior longitudinal's function?
resist flexion
57
What is the atlantoaxial ligament?
continuation of the anterior longitudinal ligament from c2 to the occipital protuberance
58
What is tectorial membrane?
continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament from C2 to
59
Where is the atlantoaxial ligament and tectorial membrane at?
above C2
60
Where does supraspinous run?
along the tip of spine from sacrum to C7
61
Where is the ligamentum nuchae? What is it?
above C7 to occipital protuberance. Site of muscle attachment in the neck
62
Purpose of ligamentum nuchae?
against hyper flexion (same as supraspinous ligament)
63
What is ligamentum flavum?
the only yellow ligament that has lots of elastin fiber
64
What does ligamentum flavum do?
connect adjacent laminae, stabilize the rotation
65
What does intertransverse do?
connect the transverse processes to resist contralateral bendin
66
What does interspinous do?
Connect the adjacent spinous processes and resist flexion
67
What is clavicle?
bone that have joints at each end connect sternum and scapula
68
what part of the clavicle is easily broken?
the concavity part
69
What are the borders of scapula?
Medial, Superior and Lateral
70
What is the other name for medial border of scapula? Does muscles attach to this border?
vertebrae border. Yes
71
Where is the superior angle?
where vertebral and superior border met
72
where is the inferior angle?
where vertebral and lateral (axiallary) border met
73
What are the parts of spine of scapula?
root, acromion, base
74
Where is the scapular notch?
in the superior border
75
What travel through scapular notch (in order)?
suprascapular artery, superior transverse scapular ligament, suparscapular nerve
76
Where does the inferior transverse scapula ligament go?
run below superior transverse scapular ligament.
77
Where is glenoid fossa?
where head of humerus articulates with scapula
78
Where is the supraglenoid?
above glenoid. origin of biceps
79
Infraglenoid?
below glenoid. orgin of triceps
80
What is humerus?
The bone that has its head articulates with glenoid fossa and distal end articulates with ulna and radius
81
What part of humerus is easiest broken?
surgical neck
82
What is the border of head and bone?
anatomical neck
83
What is the anatomical neck covered with?
hyaline cartilage
84
What seperate tubercles?
bicipital groove (intertubercular groove)
85
What part of the humerus face anteriorlly?
lesser tubercle
86
what travels through spiral groove?
radial nerve, brachial and profunda artery
87
What articulate w the head of radius?
capitulum
88
Where does the ulna articulate with humerus?
Trochlea
89
Where does coronoid process go through during elbow flexion?
coronoid fossa
90
Where does olecranon process fit during elbow extension?
olecranon fossa
91
Where is the coronoid fossa?
in the depression of anterior the humerus
92
Where is the olecranon fossa?
depression of posterior of humerus
93
What is the function of superficial back?
movement of the arm
94
What are the anatomy orders of the back muscles?
superficial -> intermediate -> deep
95
what are the superficial layers of the upper extremity movement muscle?
trapezius and latissimus dorsi
96
what are the deep layer of upper extremity back muscle?
levator scapula, rhomboid minor and major
97
What muscle is in the intermediate back muscle?
serratus posterior
98
What is the function of serratus posterior?
respiration
99
what is the function of deep back?
reponsible for posture, head and trunks movements
100
what nerve innervate trapezius?
cranial nerve
101
The origin of trapezius?
C7-T12 + ligamentum nuchea and skull base
102
What part of trapezius elevate the scapula and rotate upward?
upper trapezius
103
Where is the insertion of upper trapezius?
lateral toward acromion
104
Where is the insertion of middle? lower?
spine. medial part of spine
105
What does middle trapezius do?
retraction
106
What does the lower trapezius do?
depression but upward rotation
107
What does latissimus dorsi do?
Extension, Internal rotation, adduction of shoulder
108
What is the origin of latissimus dorsi?
sacrum to cervical
109
What is the insertion of latissimus dorsi?
floor of bicipital groove of humerus
110
Insertion of levator scapulae?
Superior angle/ Medial border of scapula
111
Origin of levator scapula
transverse process of the spine
112
What does levator scapula do?
elevate scapula and downward rotation
113
Insertion of rhomboid major? minor?
vertebral border below spine. root of spine (of the scapula)
114
Origin of rhomboid?
spinous processes
115
What does rhomboid do?
downward rotation and retraction of scapula/ pull up vertebral border
116
How does the superior of serratus posterior structure?
goes down to ribs, pull towards spine
117
How does the inferior of serratus posterior structure?
goes up to ribs
118
What innervate deep back?
posterior rami
119
What blood supply go through deep back?
segmental: posterior intercostal and lumbar arteries
120
What are the superficial muscles of deep back?
Splenius capitis
splenius cervicus
Erector Spinae group
121
what are parts of erector spinae group?
spinalis
longissimus
iliocostalis
122
Position of spinalis? longissimus? illiocostalis?
medial/ intermedial/ lateral
123
What parts of body does spinalis attach to?
T,C,C (thoracic, cervicis, capitis)
124
What parts of body does longissimus attach to?
T,C,C
125
What parts of body does iliocostalis attach to?
Lumbar, Thoracic, Cervicis
126
How does the superficial muscle of deep back travel?
superolaterally extension
127
What are types of muscles in deep back?
superficial, transversospinalis, segmental
128
What does splenius capitis and cervicus attach to?
back of head and neck
129
Why is it callled erector spinae group?
because it helps the spinal vertebrae stands straight
130
Where is the origin of superficial deep back muscle?
on the spinal vertebrae
131
Where is the insertion of superficial deep back muscle?
outside of spinal vertebrae
132
What muscles are part of the transversospinalis muscle?
semispinalis, multifidus, rotaroes
133
How does transversospinalis muscle travel?
superomedially extension
134
Where is the origin of transversospinalis?
outside of the spinal vertebra
135
where is the insertion of transversospinalis?
on the spinal vertebra
136
How many vertebrae does semispinalis cross?
4-6 at T,C,C
137
How many vertebrae does multifidus cross?
2-4 at Lumbar
138
How many vertebrae does rotatores cross?
1-2 at Thoracic
139
What muscles are parts of interspinales?
Interspinales, Intertransversarii
140
How does segmental muscle travel?
vertically
141
What actions does segmental deep back muscle do?
extension and lateral bending
142
What action does transversospinalis? What it function?
contralateral rotation and stabilize vertebral column
143
What are muscle parts of splenius?
cervicis and capitis
144
What does splenius capitis attach to?
head
145
What does splenius cervicis attach to?
spinous process
146
What actions does splenius muscles do?
contract bilaterally and extend the neck
147
What is the order of erector spinae group travel laterally?
spinalis -> longissimus -> iliocostalis
148
What is the insertion of iliocostalis?
ribs
149
What does intertransversarii connect?
between adjacent transverse processes
150
What does interspinales connect?
adjacent spinous processes
151
What are all deep muscles enclosed in?
connective tissue (fascia)
152
How much does the superficial, transversospinalis and segmental muscles cross the vertebrae?
superficial cross the most
transversospinalis cross fewer
segmental cross only a single vertebrae
153
What does thoracolumbar fascia consist of?
anterior transverse process and posterior spinal process
154
Where is the triangle of asculation?
between 6th and 7th ribs
155
What is superior to the triangle of asculation?
trapezius
156
What is lateral to the triangle of asculation?
medial border of scapula
157
what is the inferior to the triangle of asculation?
latissimus dorsi
158
What is the clinical purpose of triangle of asculation?
to listen to the heart ( because no muscle in the way)
159
What does the triangle of asculation do?
protracts scapula
