Back and posterior shoulder Flashcards
What are the four curves of vertebrae
2 primary - kiphotic
2 secondary - lordotic
What are those primary curves?
thoracic and sacral
why it is called primary curves?
Because they stay where they are (concave anteriorly) since we are in embryo
What are those secondary curves?
cervical and lumbar
Why is it called 2nd curves?
because they anterior convexity when we grow up
what is primary curves called?
kyphotic
What is secondary curves called
lordotic
What is scoliosis? what does it lead to?
the spine curves laterally. Less stability and organ interference and short/long muscle
What part is the body of the vertebrae column?
Anterior (round part)
What part is the arch?
the posterior
Where is the pedicles?
feet of the body
What makes up the vertebral foramen
pedicles and laminae
What does go through vertebral foramen
spinal cord
What make up vertebral canal
series of vertebral foramen
What part of vertebrae column (body or arch) that attach to most muscles?
arches which attach to back muscle
where is the vertebral foramen
between the body and the arch
How many vertebrae processes are there?
3 - ( 2 transverse, 1 spinous)
How many articular processes?
4 - (2 superior, 2 inferior)
Where is transverse process located?
where laminae and pedicle meet
Where is spinous process?
where are two laminae meet
Where does the spinal nerve come out?
Intervertebral foramen
How many vertebral columns are there?
33 vertebrae
How does the body size of vertebral columns progess as go down column?
Vertebral bodies increase in size and sacral vertebrae fused
What does cervical vertebrae have?
large transverse processes with foramen transversarium and bifid spinous processes
What does thoracic vertebrae have?
long sloping spinous processes and costal facets for articulations with ribs
What is the facet?
Articulating surfaces
Where are the costal facets for articulations with ribs on thoracic vertabrae?
transverse process and the body of thoracic vertebrae
What is the characteristic of sacrum?
5 sacral vertebrae are fused (so is coccyx)
Where is the sacral hiatus?
the posterior sacral where arch is missing (4,5 sacral vertebrae)
where does the filum terminale attach?
sacral hiatus
What are two types of joints in vertebrae columns?
between bodies and between the arches
what are joints between vertebral bodies?
symphysis joints and intervertebral dics (diarthroses)
Characteristics of symphysis joints ?
covered in hyaline cartilage with a fibrocartilagenous disc in the middle
why vertebrae bodies increase in size as go down column?
because it has to support its whole body (head, trunk, arms. legs)
where is annulus fibrosus?
the perimeter of disc that are very fibrous and criss-crosses
Where is nucleus pulposus?
In the middle of vertebrae column (of body)
Characteristics of nucleus Pulposus?
less fibers. compressible (more water) gel allowing it to support weight
What are parts of intervertebral discs?
annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus
What happens in ruptured disks?
Tear in annulus fibrosus allowing the nucleus pulposus to protrude out and touch the spinal nerve (thus compressing spinal nerve and hurt)
Where does ruptured disks mostly happen?
95% in L4-S1
5% in C6-C7
Where does nucleus pulposus most likely to protrude? why?
posteriorally and laterally. Because annulus is thinner and posterior longitudal ligamen reinforces the middle
What is the joint between the vertebral arches called?
zygapophyseal joint/ facet joint
what is the characteristics of plane joints?
allowing small amount of movement
Why you look taller in the morning and shorter at night?
due to the compression of nucleus pulposus
What is the purpose of fascet joints in arches?
limit the movement of spine
What is the order of rotation of vertebral column as move down?
it decreases (cervical - largest rotation, thoracic, lumbar)
What is the order of flexion/extension?
largest in cervical/lumbar region
What is the order of lateral bending?
small everywhere but smalles in thorax
How many kinds of ligaments in vertebrae?
6 ( 3 intersegmental and 3 intrasegmental)
Why is it called intersegmental?
because it run btw many segments
Why is it called intrasegmental?
because it connects adjacent the vertebrae
What are three intersegmental?
anterior longitudinal, posterior longitudinal and supraspinous
where does the anterior longitudinal run?
along the anterior of vertebral column from sacrum to C2
What is anterior longitudinal’s function?
resist extension
Where does posterior longitudinal run?
inside the vertebral canal from sacrum to C2
What is posterior longitudinal’s function?
resist flexion
What is the atlantoaxial ligament?
continuation of the anterior longitudinal ligament from c2 to the occipital protuberance
What is tectorial membrane?
continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament from C2 to
Where is the atlantoaxial ligament and tectorial membrane at?
above C2
Where does supraspinous run?
along the tip of spine from sacrum to C7
Where is the ligamentum nuchae? What is it?
above C7 to occipital protuberance. Site of muscle attachment in the neck
Purpose of ligamentum nuchae?
against hyper flexion (same as supraspinous ligament)
What is ligamentum flavum?
the only yellow ligament that has lots of elastin fiber
What does ligamentum flavum do?
connect adjacent laminae, stabilize the rotation
What does intertransverse do?
connect the transverse processes to resist contralateral bendin
What does interspinous do?
Connect the adjacent spinous processes and resist flexion
What is clavicle?
bone that have joints at each end connect sternum and scapula
what part of the clavicle is easily broken?
the concavity part
What are the borders of scapula?
Medial, Superior and Lateral
What is the other name for medial border of scapula? Does muscles attach to this border?
vertebrae border. Yes
Where is the superior angle?
where vertebral and superior border met
where is the inferior angle?
where vertebral and lateral (axiallary) border met
What are the parts of spine of scapula?
root, acromion, base
Where is the scapular notch?
in the superior border
What travel through scapular notch (in order)?
suprascapular artery, superior transverse scapular ligament, suparscapular nerve
Where does the inferior transverse scapula ligament go?
run below superior transverse scapular ligament.
Where is glenoid fossa?
where head of humerus articulates with scapula
Where is the supraglenoid?
above glenoid. origin of biceps
Infraglenoid?
below glenoid. orgin of triceps
What is humerus?
The bone that has its head articulates with glenoid fossa and distal end articulates with ulna and radius
What part of humerus is easiest broken?
surgical neck
What is the border of head and bone?
anatomical neck
What is the anatomical neck covered with?
hyaline cartilage
What seperate tubercles?
bicipital groove (intertubercular groove)
What part of the humerus face anteriorlly?
lesser tubercle
what travels through spiral groove?
radial nerve, brachial and profunda artery
What articulate w the head of radius?
capitulum
Where does the ulna articulate with humerus?
Trochlea
Where does coronoid process go through during elbow flexion?
coronoid fossa
Where does olecranon process fit during elbow extension?
olecranon fossa
Where is the coronoid fossa?
in the depression of anterior the humerus
Where is the olecranon fossa?
depression of posterior of humerus
What is the function of superficial back?
movement of the arm
What are the anatomy orders of the back muscles?
superficial -> intermediate -> deep
what are the superficial layers of the upper extremity movement muscle?
trapezius and latissimus dorsi
what are the deep layer of upper extremity back muscle?
levator scapula, rhomboid minor and major
What muscle is in the intermediate back muscle?
serratus posterior
What is the function of serratus posterior?
respiration
what is the function of deep back?
reponsible for posture, head and trunks movements
what nerve innervate trapezius?
cranial nerve
The origin of trapezius?
C7-T12 + ligamentum nuchea and skull base
What part of trapezius elevate the scapula and rotate upward?
upper trapezius
Where is the insertion of upper trapezius?
lateral toward acromion
Where is the insertion of middle? lower?
spine. medial part of spine
What does middle trapezius do?
retraction
What does the lower trapezius do?
depression but upward rotation
What does latissimus dorsi do?
Extension, Internal rotation, adduction of shoulder
What is the origin of latissimus dorsi?
sacrum to cervical
What is the insertion of latissimus dorsi?
floor of bicipital groove of humerus
Insertion of levator scapulae?
Superior angle/ Medial border of scapula
Origin of levator scapula
transverse process of the spine
What does levator scapula do?
elevate scapula and downward rotation
Insertion of rhomboid major? minor?
vertebral border below spine. root of spine (of the scapula)
Origin of rhomboid?
spinous processes
What does rhomboid do?
downward rotation and retraction of scapula/ pull up vertebral border
How does the superior of serratus posterior structure?
goes down to ribs, pull towards spine
How does the inferior of serratus posterior structure?
goes up to ribs
What innervate deep back?
posterior rami
What blood supply go through deep back?
segmental: posterior intercostal and lumbar arteries
What are the superficial muscles of deep back?
Splenius capitis
splenius cervicus
Erector Spinae group
what are parts of erector spinae group?
spinalis
longissimus
iliocostalis
Position of spinalis? longissimus? illiocostalis?
medial/ intermedial/ lateral
What parts of body does spinalis attach to?
T,C,C (thoracic, cervicis, capitis)
What parts of body does longissimus attach to?
T,C,C
What parts of body does iliocostalis attach to?
Lumbar, Thoracic, Cervicis
How does the superficial muscle of deep back travel?
superolaterally extension
What are types of muscles in deep back?
superficial, transversospinalis, segmental
What does splenius capitis and cervicus attach to?
back of head and neck
Why is it callled erector spinae group?
because it helps the spinal vertebrae stands straight
Where is the origin of superficial deep back muscle?
on the spinal vertebrae
Where is the insertion of superficial deep back muscle?
outside of spinal vertebrae
What muscles are part of the transversospinalis muscle?
semispinalis, multifidus, rotaroes
How does transversospinalis muscle travel?
superomedially extension
Where is the origin of transversospinalis?
outside of the spinal vertebra
where is the insertion of transversospinalis?
on the spinal vertebra
How many vertebrae does semispinalis cross?
4-6 at T,C,C
How many vertebrae does multifidus cross?
2-4 at Lumbar
How many vertebrae does rotatores cross?
1-2 at Thoracic
What muscles are parts of interspinales?
Interspinales, Intertransversarii
How does segmental muscle travel?
vertically
What actions does segmental deep back muscle do?
extension and lateral bending
What action does transversospinalis? What it function?
contralateral rotation and stabilize vertebral column
What are muscle parts of splenius?
cervicis and capitis
What does splenius capitis attach to?
head
What does splenius cervicis attach to?
spinous process
What actions does splenius muscles do?
contract bilaterally and extend the neck
What is the order of erector spinae group travel laterally?
spinalis -> longissimus -> iliocostalis
What is the insertion of iliocostalis?
ribs
What does intertransversarii connect?
between adjacent transverse processes
What does interspinales connect?
adjacent spinous processes
What are all deep muscles enclosed in?
connective tissue (fascia)
How much does the superficial, transversospinalis and segmental muscles cross the vertebrae?
superficial cross the most
transversospinalis cross fewer
segmental cross only a single vertebrae
What does thoracolumbar fascia consist of?
anterior transverse process and posterior spinal process
Where is the triangle of asculation?
between 6th and 7th ribs
What is superior to the triangle of asculation?
trapezius
What is lateral to the triangle of asculation?
medial border of scapula
what is the inferior to the triangle of asculation?
latissimus dorsi
What is the clinical purpose of triangle of asculation?
to listen to the heart ( because no muscle in the way)
What does the triangle of asculation do?
protracts scapula
