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Gross Anatomy > Back and posterior shoulder > Flashcards

Back and posterior shoulder Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four curves of vertebrae

A

2 primary - kiphotic

2 secondary - lordotic

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2
Q

What are those primary curves?

A

thoracic and sacral

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3
Q

why it is called primary curves?

A

Because they stay where they are (concave anteriorly) since we are in embryo

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4
Q

What are those secondary curves?

A

cervical and lumbar

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5
Q

Why is it called 2nd curves?

A

because they anterior convexity when we grow up

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6
Q

what is primary curves called?

A

kyphotic

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7
Q

What is secondary curves called

A

lordotic

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8
Q

What is scoliosis? what does it lead to?

A

the spine curves laterally. Less stability and organ interference and short/long muscle

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9
Q

What part is the body of the vertebrae column?

A

Anterior (round part)

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10
Q

What part is the arch?

A

the posterior

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11
Q

Where is the pedicles?

A

feet of the body

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12
Q

What makes up the vertebral foramen

A

pedicles and laminae

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13
Q

What does go through vertebral foramen

A

spinal cord

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14
Q

What make up vertebral canal

A

series of vertebral foramen

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15
Q

What part of vertebrae column (body or arch) that attach to most muscles?

A

arches which attach to back muscle

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16
Q

where is the vertebral foramen

A

between the body and the arch

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17
Q

How many vertebrae processes are there?

A

3 - ( 2 transverse, 1 spinous)

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18
Q

How many articular processes?

A

4 - (2 superior, 2 inferior)

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19
Q

Where is transverse process located?

A

where laminae and pedicle meet

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20
Q

Where is spinous process?

A

where are two laminae meet

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21
Q

Where does the spinal nerve come out?

A

Intervertebral foramen

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22
Q

How many vertebral columns are there?

A

33 vertebrae

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23
Q

How does the body size of vertebral columns progess as go down column?

A

Vertebral bodies increase in size and sacral vertebrae fused

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24
Q

What does cervical vertebrae have?

A

large transverse processes with foramen transversarium and bifid spinous processes

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25
Q

What does thoracic vertebrae have?

A

long sloping spinous processes and costal facets for articulations with ribs

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26
Q

What is the facet?

A

Articulating surfaces

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27
Q

Where are the costal facets for articulations with ribs on thoracic vertabrae?

A

transverse process and the body of thoracic vertebrae

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28
Q

What is the characteristic of sacrum?

A

5 sacral vertebrae are fused (so is coccyx)

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29
Q

Where is the sacral hiatus?

A

the posterior sacral where arch is missing (4,5 sacral vertebrae)

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30
Q

where does the filum terminale attach?

A

sacral hiatus

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31
Q

What are two types of joints in vertebrae columns?

A

between bodies and between the arches

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32
Q

what are joints between vertebral bodies?

A

symphysis joints and intervertebral dics (diarthroses)

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33
Q

Characteristics of symphysis joints ?

A

covered in hyaline cartilage with a fibrocartilagenous disc in the middle

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34
Q

why vertebrae bodies increase in size as go down column?

A

because it has to support its whole body (head, trunk, arms. legs)

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35
Q

where is annulus fibrosus?

A

the perimeter of disc that are very fibrous and criss-crosses

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36
Q

Where is nucleus pulposus?

A

In the middle of vertebrae column (of body)

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37
Q

Characteristics of nucleus Pulposus?

A

less fibers. compressible (more water) gel allowing it to support weight

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38
Q

What are parts of intervertebral discs?

A

annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus

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39
Q

What happens in ruptured disks?

A

Tear in annulus fibrosus allowing the nucleus pulposus to protrude out and touch the spinal nerve (thus compressing spinal nerve and hurt)

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40
Q

Where does ruptured disks mostly happen?

A

95% in L4-S1

5% in C6-C7

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41
Q

Where does nucleus pulposus most likely to protrude? why?

A

posteriorally and laterally. Because annulus is thinner and posterior longitudal ligamen reinforces the middle

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42
Q

What is the joint between the vertebral arches called?

A

zygapophyseal joint/ facet joint

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43
Q

what is the characteristics of plane joints?

A

allowing small amount of movement

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44
Q

Why you look taller in the morning and shorter at night?

A

due to the compression of nucleus pulposus

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45
Q

What is the purpose of fascet joints in arches?

A

limit the movement of spine

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46
Q

What is the order of rotation of vertebral column as move down?

A

it decreases (cervical - largest rotation, thoracic, lumbar)

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47
Q

What is the order of flexion/extension?

A

largest in cervical/lumbar region

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48
Q

What is the order of lateral bending?

A

small everywhere but smalles in thorax

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49
Q

How many kinds of ligaments in vertebrae?

A

6 ( 3 intersegmental and 3 intrasegmental)

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50
Q

Why is it called intersegmental?

A

because it run btw many segments

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51
Q

Why is it called intrasegmental?

A

because it connects adjacent the vertebrae

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52
Q

What are three intersegmental?

A

anterior longitudinal, posterior longitudinal and supraspinous

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53
Q

where does the anterior longitudinal run?

A

along the anterior of vertebral column from sacrum to C2

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54
Q

What is anterior longitudinal’s function?

A

resist extension

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55
Q

Where does posterior longitudinal run?

A

inside the vertebral canal from sacrum to C2

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56
Q

What is posterior longitudinal’s function?

A

resist flexion

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57
Q

What is the atlantoaxial ligament?

A

continuation of the anterior longitudinal ligament from c2 to the occipital protuberance

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58
Q

What is tectorial membrane?

A

continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament from C2 to

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59
Q

Where is the atlantoaxial ligament and tectorial membrane at?

A

above C2

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60
Q

Where does supraspinous run?

A

along the tip of spine from sacrum to C7

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61
Q

Where is the ligamentum nuchae? What is it?

A

above C7 to occipital protuberance. Site of muscle attachment in the neck

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62
Q

Purpose of ligamentum nuchae?

A

against hyper flexion (same as supraspinous ligament)

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63
Q

What is ligamentum flavum?

A

the only yellow ligament that has lots of elastin fiber

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64
Q

What does ligamentum flavum do?

A

connect adjacent laminae, stabilize the rotation

65
Q

What does intertransverse do?

A

connect the transverse processes to resist contralateral bendin

66
Q

What does interspinous do?

A

Connect the adjacent spinous processes and resist flexion

67
Q

What is clavicle?

A

bone that have joints at each end connect sternum and scapula

68
Q

what part of the clavicle is easily broken?

A

the concavity part

69
Q

What are the borders of scapula?

A

Medial, Superior and Lateral

70
Q

What is the other name for medial border of scapula? Does muscles attach to this border?

A

vertebrae border. Yes

71
Q

Where is the superior angle?

A

where vertebral and superior border met

72
Q

where is the inferior angle?

A

where vertebral and lateral (axiallary) border met

73
Q

What are the parts of spine of scapula?

A

root, acromion, base

74
Q

Where is the scapular notch?

A

in the superior border

75
Q

What travel through scapular notch (in order)?

A

suprascapular artery, superior transverse scapular ligament, suparscapular nerve

76
Q

Where does the inferior transverse scapula ligament go?

A

run below superior transverse scapular ligament.

77
Q

Where is glenoid fossa?

A

where head of humerus articulates with scapula

78
Q

Where is the supraglenoid?

A

above glenoid. origin of biceps

79
Q

Infraglenoid?

A

below glenoid. orgin of triceps

80
Q

What is humerus?

A

The bone that has its head articulates with glenoid fossa and distal end articulates with ulna and radius

81
Q

What part of humerus is easiest broken?

A

surgical neck

82
Q

What is the border of head and bone?

A

anatomical neck

83
Q

What is the anatomical neck covered with?

A

hyaline cartilage

84
Q

What seperate tubercles?

A

bicipital groove (intertubercular groove)

85
Q

What part of the humerus face anteriorlly?

A

lesser tubercle

86
Q

what travels through spiral groove?

A

radial nerve, brachial and profunda artery

87
Q

What articulate w the head of radius?

A

capitulum

88
Q

Where does the ulna articulate with humerus?

A

Trochlea

89
Q

Where does coronoid process go through during elbow flexion?

A

coronoid fossa

90
Q

Where does olecranon process fit during elbow extension?

A

olecranon fossa

91
Q

Where is the coronoid fossa?

A

in the depression of anterior the humerus

92
Q

Where is the olecranon fossa?

A

depression of posterior of humerus

93
Q

What is the function of superficial back?

A

movement of the arm

94
Q

What are the anatomy orders of the back muscles?

A

superficial -> intermediate -> deep

95
Q

what are the superficial layers of the upper extremity movement muscle?

A

trapezius and latissimus dorsi

96
Q

what are the deep layer of upper extremity back muscle?

A

levator scapula, rhomboid minor and major

97
Q

What muscle is in the intermediate back muscle?

A

serratus posterior

98
Q

What is the function of serratus posterior?

A

respiration

99
Q

what is the function of deep back?

A

reponsible for posture, head and trunks movements

100
Q

what nerve innervate trapezius?

A

cranial nerve

101
Q

The origin of trapezius?

A

C7-T12 + ligamentum nuchea and skull base

102
Q

What part of trapezius elevate the scapula and rotate upward?

A

upper trapezius

103
Q

Where is the insertion of upper trapezius?

A

lateral toward acromion

104
Q

Where is the insertion of middle? lower?

A

spine. medial part of spine

105
Q

What does middle trapezius do?

A

retraction

106
Q

What does the lower trapezius do?

A

depression but upward rotation

107
Q

What does latissimus dorsi do?

A

Extension, Internal rotation, adduction of shoulder

108
Q

What is the origin of latissimus dorsi?

A

sacrum to cervical

109
Q

What is the insertion of latissimus dorsi?

A

floor of bicipital groove of humerus

110
Q

Insertion of levator scapulae?

A

Superior angle/ Medial border of scapula

111
Q

Origin of levator scapula

A

transverse process of the spine

112
Q

What does levator scapula do?

A

elevate scapula and downward rotation

113
Q

Insertion of rhomboid major? minor?

A

vertebral border below spine. root of spine (of the scapula)

114
Q

Origin of rhomboid?

A

spinous processes

115
Q

What does rhomboid do?

A

downward rotation and retraction of scapula/ pull up vertebral border

116
Q

How does the superior of serratus posterior structure?

A

goes down to ribs, pull towards spine

117
Q

How does the inferior of serratus posterior structure?

A

goes up to ribs

118
Q

What innervate deep back?

A

posterior rami

119
Q

What blood supply go through deep back?

A

segmental: posterior intercostal and lumbar arteries

120
Q

What are the superficial muscles of deep back?

A

Splenius capitis
splenius cervicus
Erector Spinae group

121
Q

what are parts of erector spinae group?

A

spinalis
longissimus
iliocostalis

122
Q

Position of spinalis? longissimus? illiocostalis?

A

medial/ intermedial/ lateral

123
Q

What parts of body does spinalis attach to?

A

T,C,C (thoracic, cervicis, capitis)

124
Q

What parts of body does longissimus attach to?

A

T,C,C

125
Q

What parts of body does iliocostalis attach to?

A

Lumbar, Thoracic, Cervicis

126
Q

How does the superficial muscle of deep back travel?

A

superolaterally extension

127
Q

What are types of muscles in deep back?

A

superficial, transversospinalis, segmental

128
Q

What does splenius capitis and cervicus attach to?

A

back of head and neck

129
Q

Why is it callled erector spinae group?

A

because it helps the spinal vertebrae stands straight

130
Q

Where is the origin of superficial deep back muscle?

A

on the spinal vertebrae

131
Q

Where is the insertion of superficial deep back muscle?

A

outside of spinal vertebrae

132
Q

What muscles are part of the transversospinalis muscle?

A

semispinalis, multifidus, rotaroes

133
Q

How does transversospinalis muscle travel?

A

superomedially extension

134
Q

Where is the origin of transversospinalis?

A

outside of the spinal vertebra

135
Q

where is the insertion of transversospinalis?

A

on the spinal vertebra

136
Q

How many vertebrae does semispinalis cross?

A

4-6 at T,C,C

137
Q

How many vertebrae does multifidus cross?

A

2-4 at Lumbar

138
Q

How many vertebrae does rotatores cross?

A

1-2 at Thoracic

139
Q

What muscles are parts of interspinales?

A

Interspinales, Intertransversarii

140
Q

How does segmental muscle travel?

A

vertically

141
Q

What actions does segmental deep back muscle do?

A

extension and lateral bending

142
Q

What action does transversospinalis? What it function?

A

contralateral rotation and stabilize vertebral column

143
Q

What are muscle parts of splenius?

A

cervicis and capitis

144
Q

What does splenius capitis attach to?

A

head

145
Q

What does splenius cervicis attach to?

A

spinous process

146
Q

What actions does splenius muscles do?

A

contract bilaterally and extend the neck

147
Q

What is the order of erector spinae group travel laterally?

A

spinalis -> longissimus -> iliocostalis

148
Q

What is the insertion of iliocostalis?

A

ribs

149
Q

What does intertransversarii connect?

A

between adjacent transverse processes

150
Q

What does interspinales connect?

A

adjacent spinous processes

151
Q

What are all deep muscles enclosed in?

A

connective tissue (fascia)

152
Q

How much does the superficial, transversospinalis and segmental muscles cross the vertebrae?

A

superficial cross the most
transversospinalis cross fewer
segmental cross only a single vertebrae

153
Q

What does thoracolumbar fascia consist of?

A

anterior transverse process and posterior spinal process

154
Q

Where is the triangle of asculation?

A

between 6th and 7th ribs

155
Q

What is superior to the triangle of asculation?

A

trapezius

156
Q

What is lateral to the triangle of asculation?

A

medial border of scapula

157
Q

what is the inferior to the triangle of asculation?

A

latissimus dorsi

158
Q

What is the clinical purpose of triangle of asculation?

A

to listen to the heart ( because no muscle in the way)

159
Q

What does the triangle of asculation do?

A

protracts scapula

Gross Anatomy (28 decks)

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