nervous system, meninges, ventricles, and CSF

Question 1

how is the nervous system split

Answer 1

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

Question 2

central nervous system (CNS)

Answer 2

encased in bones of the skull and vertebral column
-highly protected
-consists of the brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem and subcortical structures) and spinal cord
-control center, integration, and processing

Question 3

what is the protection for the CNS

Answer 3

scalp and skin, skull and vertebral column, CSF, and meninges

Question 4

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Answer 4

spinal nerves and cranial nerves (31 and 12)
-carrying information to and from CNS
-somatic and autonomic division

Question 5

cerebrum

Answer 5

contains :
-gyri, sulci, fissures
-6 lobes all with their own functions
-cortical regions

Question 6

frontal lobe

Answer 6

higher mental processes

Question 7

parietal lobe

Answer 7

processes sensory information

Question 8

occipital lobe

Answer 8

processes visual information

Question 9

temporal lobe

Answer 9

processes auditory information

Question 10

insula lobe

Answer 10

involved in consciousness

Question 11

limbic lobe

Answer 11

processes memory and emotion

Question 12

parts of the brainstem

Answer 12

peduncles, midbrain, pons, medulla, and cranial nerves entering and exiting

Question 13

spinal cord

Answer 13

within CNS, well protected
-vertebrae
-meninges

Question 14

spinal nerve

Answer 14

within PNS, emerges between two adjacent vertebrae
-efferent/descending
-afferent/ascending

Question 15

what information is carried by efferent/descending spinal nerves

Answer 15

motor information to muscles or glands

Question 16

what information is carried by afferent/ascending spinal nerves

Answer 16

sensory information from receptor organs

Question 17

3 layers of meninges

Answer 17

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Question 18

dura mater

Answer 18

outermost layer
-meningeal layer and endosteal layer (adheres to inside of skull)

Question 19

arachnoid mater

Answer 19

lies on the inner surface of the dura
-web like
-subarachnoid space is below this
-contains cisterns
-arachnoid trabeculae

Question 20

cisterns

Answer 20

large pockets
-enlargement of the space

Question 21

arachnoid trabeculae

Answer 21

collagenous strands that connect the arachnoid and the pia for susspension

Question 22

pia mater

Answer 22

closely adhere to the CNS tissue

Question 23

falx cerebri

Answer 23

dura mater that separates hemispheres
-protects the brain from it not being squishes

Question 24

venous sinus

Answer 24

spaces where the endosteal and meningeal layers of the dura separate
-cavities

Question 25

superior sagittal sinus

Answer 25

runs through the hemispheres

Question 26

inferior sagittal sinus

Answer 26

collects used blood and fluids

Question 27

dural septa

Answer 27

two layer folds separating the cranium into compartments
-i.e. falx cerebri

Question 28

tentorium cerebelli

Answer 28

separates the cerebellum from the cerebral hemispheres

Question 29

infratentorial vs. supratentorial

Answer 29

contains cerebellum and brainstem vs. contains cerebrum

Question 30

tentorial notch

Answer 30

opening where the brainstem passes into the cerebrum

Question 31

epidural hematoma

Answer 31

occurs if the meningeal arteries are torn
-bleeding between the periosteum (endosteal layer of dura) and skull bones
-adhering to bone (lemon)

Question 32

subdural hematoma

Answer 32

from dural venous sinus or vein attachment at the sinus
-blood is beneath the dura
-following shape of space (banana)

Question 33

subarachnoid hemorrhage (subarachnoid hematoma)

Answer 33

bleeding between the brain and the arachnoid (under arachnoid)
-bleeding from veins

Question 34

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Answer 34

provides a fluid cushion, surrounding the brain and spinal cord
-circulates within the ventricles

Question 35

functions of CSF

Answer 35

buoyancy and chemical homeostasis
-draining unwanted substance away from the CNS
-supplying some nutrients
-excretion of waste products as CSF leaves
-transporting hormones

Question 36

flow of CSF

Answer 36

from lateral ventricles through foramina of monro, third ventricles, through cerebral aqueduct to 4th ventricle of pons and medulla. exits through two foramina of luschka and foramen of magendie to enter cisterna magna
-circulates through subarachnoid space and as pressure increaased it will be sucked in by arachnoid villa and will enter the superior sagittal sinus to get to the jugular vein to leave

Question 37

parts of the lateral ventricle

Answer 37

anterior horn (forward position), posterior horn (near occipital lobe), inferior horn (down to temporal lobe), collateral trigone (meeting of three horns)

Question 38

venous drainage

Answer 38

superior sagittal sinus is the large on top, straight sinus, transverse sinus then the sigmoid sinus down to jugular vein

Question 39

meningitis

Answer 39

infection of the meninges
-bacterial or viral
-can cause ossification of the labyrinth
-spreads from meninges to the cochlea via the cochlear aqueduct

Question 40

hydrocephalus

Answer 40

excess fluid around the brain
-a disruption of CSF circulation
-pressure rises and ventricles expand

Question 41

communicating vs. non-communicating hydrocephalus

Answer 41

lateral ventricles are connected to the subarachnoid space vs. blockage could be due to something within the ventricles (cannot get through the flowing pathway)

Question 42

normal pressure hydrocephalus (NHP)

Answer 42

slowly developing from gradual blockage of CSF
-CSF builds up and ventricles enlarge, compression of tissue

Question 43

there is more CSF in the____________ than the ventricles

Answer 43

subarachnoid space
-around 90 mL in the space and around 25-60 mL in ventricles

Question 44

CSF is constantly produced by the ….

Answer 44

choroid plexus within ventricles

Question 45

how is hydrocephalus often treated

Answer 45

use of a shunt