cerebral subcortical and brainstem organization Flashcards
intraparietal sulcus
intermediate in parietal lobe
parieto occipital sulcus
separating parietal from occipital lobe
occipital pole
furthest point in occipital lobe
pre-occipital notch
separating occipital from temporal lobe
calcarine sulcus
main one in occipital lobe
cuneus gyrus
above the calcarine sulcus
lingual gyrus
under the calcarine sulcus
cingulate gyrus
other name for limbic lobe
-part of limbic system
cortex
contains the gyrus, sulcus, lobes, etc.
-2-4 mm of superficial gray matter with underlying white matter
-6 horizontal layers within the gray matter
pyramidal cells
most numerous cells in the cortex
-cell body with dendrite coming off
short association fibers
sending information from one cortical areas to another on the same side, usually from nearby gyri
-within same hemisphere within same lobe
long association fibers
connecting lobes within a single hemisphere
-crossing various lobes
-ex. arcuate fasciculus
corona radiata and internal capsule are both….
white matter that is throughout the subcortical areas
cortical columns
vertically organized cells of the neocortex that form the basic processing units with each column being specific to a single modality and location
-perpendicular to the surface
thalamus
motor and cognitive functions
-inner chamber
-all sensory info (except olfaction) must pass through thalamus
diencephalon
consists of epithalamus, sub thalamus, hypothalamus, and thalamus
-the medial surface from the 3rd ventricle
nuclei of thalamus
know medial and lateral geniculate nuclei
basal ganglia (basal nuclei)
set of nuclei at the base of the cerebral hemispheres
-important for completion of motor acts
-forms a loop
what does the basal ganglia (basal nuclei) consist of
caudate, putamen and globus pallidus
loop of the basal ganglia
projection from cortex to basal ganglia, then projections from basal ganglia to thalamus and back to cortex
caudate
near wall of lateral ventricle and has a c-shaped course with a head anteriorly and tail posteriorly and inferiorly
putamen and globus pallidus
forms a wedge with the putamen laterally
striatum
striped appearance in sagittal slice
-caudate nucleus, putamen, and nucleus accumbens
lenticular nucleus
refers to putamen and globus pallidus grouped together
external capsule
similar to internal but it is just a thinner area for white matter to run through
limbic system structures
cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyri, hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus
inferior cerebellar peduncle (ICP)
afferents from spinal cord and brainstem going to the cerebellum
-information to the cerebellum
restiform body
major portion of the inferior peduncle with fibers from spinal cord and brainstem
-“rope like”
juxtarestiform body
additional fibers of the ICP connecting cerebellum and vestibular nuceli
middle cerebellar peduncle
largest and emerges from basal pons
-mainly afferents
-information to the cerebellum
superior cerebellar peduncle
has many decussations and mainly efferent pathways from cerebellum to midbrain and thalamus
-take information from cerebellum and into the midbrain and thalamus
red nucleus
in midbrain within areas for processing of auditory and reticular formation
where does the cerebellum receive input from
vestibular, spinal cord and cortical input
pyramid of medulla
anterior portion of the medulla, by the veins and behind sinus
olive of medulla
bulging part off of the pyramids
decussations of the pyramids
the meeting area of the pyramids
basis
collection of axons ventral/anterior to the tegmentum
-made up of two pyramids
tegmentum (covering)
covering of the 4th ventricle
-containing most of the brainstem tracts and nuclei
tectum (roof)
dorsal/posterior covering, formed by tectal plate midbrain
-the roof on the back
basal pontine nucleus
gray matter located in the basis of the pontine region
medullary pyramids
forming the basis in the medulla
how does the spinal cord transition to the brainstem
at the level of the medulla
-disorganization and smaller sizes of ventral and dorsal horns after decussations
-dorsal columns become the nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus
pons
gray matter basal pontine nuclei
-axons at the middle cerebellar peduncles at the caudal level
-the 4th ventricle is distinguishable
midbrain
4th ventricle narrows to form aqueducts
-periaqueductual gray (PAG) is gray matter surrounding the cerebral aqueduct
reticular formation
central cord of the brainstem
-network of cell bodies and processes
