more motor pathways

Question 1

degeneration

Answer 1

following an injury

Question 2

orthograde degeneration

Answer 2

axon is severed, forward
-the distal portion loses its source of nourishment and soon dies

Question 3

retrograde degeneration

Answer 3

cell body changes after the axon is severed, backwards into the cell body
-loss of neurotopic factors coming from the axon to the cell body via retrograde axoplasmic flow
-soma becomes swollen

Question 4

how many stages are there for denervated muscles

Answer 4

3 stages

Question 5

regeneration

Answer 5

if the soma is not damaged, the injured neurons begin to produce materials necessary for the reconstruction of the distal axon
-increased protein synthesis
-growth cone forms, neurites sprout from cone and elongate, continues to develop and reaches its target

Question 6

M1

Answer 6

primary motor area

Question 7

PMA

Answer 7

premotor area
-specific sets of neurons

Question 8

SMA

Answer 8

supplementary motor area
-coordinated motor acts

Question 9

basal nuceli

Answer 9

at the base of the cerebral hemispheres
-putamen, caudate nucleus, globus pallidus and nucleus accumbens
-important for completion of motor acts

Question 10

chorea

Answer 10

series of nearly continuous rapid involuntary movements of face, tongue and limbs that may resemble fragments of normal voluntary movements or dancing

Question 11

athetosis

Answer 11

slow writhing movements
-difficulty holding a limb in a fixed position

Question 12

ballismus

Answer 12

wild flaling movements of one arm and leg

Question 13

dystonia

Answer 13

increased abnormal tone in muscles or tissues resulting in a somewhat fixed posture

Question 14

hypotonia

Answer 14

loss of muscle tone

Question 15

rigidity

Answer 15

tone increases in flexors and extensors

Question 16

bradykinesia

Answer 16

decreased or slow movements

Question 17

cerebellum

Answer 17

involved in equilibrium, control of muscle ton, pposture and coordination of voluntary movements
-received vestibular, spinal and cortical inputs