Nervous System, C33; WB, Flashcards
Module/Week12
1
Q
Neuron
A
cell; sends/receives information; made of Dendrites, Cell Body, & Axon
2
Q
A _______ is a cell; sends/receives information; made of Dendrites, Cell Body, & Axon.
A
Neuron
3
Q
Sensory Nerves
A
carry information from organs & environment to Spinal Cord & into Brain so Brain can analyze it
4
Q
Sensory Nerves carry information from _______ & _________ to Spinal Cord & into Brain so Brain can analyze it
A
organs, environment
5
Q
A
5
Q
Motor Nerves
A
carry commands from Brain down Spinal Cord & out to muscles & organs
6
Q
Motor Nerves carry commands from Brain down Spinal Cord & out to ________ & _________.
A
muscles, organs
7
Q
Neuron’s 3 components:
A
Dendrites
Cell Body
Axon
8
Q
Dendrites _________ information.
Axons ______ information.
A
receive
give
9
Q
Dendrites
A
short extensions from Cell Body that receive information
10
Q
Dendrite are _______ extensions from Cell Body that receive information.
A
short
11
Q
Axon are ______ extensions from Cell Body that send information.
A
long
12
Q
Axon
A
long extensions from Cell Body that receive information
13
Q
Myelin
A
fatty, white substance that protects Axon; speeds conduction of nerve impulses Axon
14
Q
Myelin is a fatty, white substance that protects ____; ______ conduction of nerve impulses Axon
A
Axon, speeds
15
Q
Neurotransmitters carry nerve impulse across gap between Axon of one Neuron & Dendrites of another; gap is called _________.
A
Synapse
16
Q
Synapse
A
gap between Axon of one Neuron & Dendrites of another
17
Q
Nervous System’s 2 main divisions:
A
CNS
PNS
18
Q
CNS + PNS = __________ System
A
Nervous
19
Q
CNS consists of ______ & _______ ________.
A
brain, spinal cord
20
Q
Brain + spinal cord = __________ Nervous System.
A
Central
21
Q
PNS consists of ______ outside brain & spinal cord.
A
nerves
22
Q
Nerves outside brain & spinal cord = _____________ Nervous System
A
Peripheral
23
Q
CNS _________ information, processes it, & issues ______________.
A
receives, instructions
24
___________ Nervous System receives/processes information & deals out instructions.
Central
25
PNS ___________ information from environment & carries _________ from brain & spinal cord to organs.
receives, instructions
26
______________ Nervous System receives information from environment & carries commands from Brain & Spinal Cord to organs.
Peripheral
27
_________ _________ __________ communicates between CNS & body.
PNS
28
CNS is protected by three layers of connective tissue, called ________.
Meninges
29
Meninges
connective tissue layers that protect CNS
30
3 Meninges layers that protect CNS, from deep to superficial:
Pia Mater
Arachnoid Mater
Dura Mater
31
Pia Mater
thin tissue layer rich in blood vessels; attached to brain's & spinal cord's surface
32
Pia Mater in the _________ Meninges layer; it has _______ blood vessels; it's attached to ________ & _______ _______ surface.
deepest, many, brain's, spinal cord's
33
Arachnoid Mater
web-like middle layer
34
Arachnoid Mater is the ________ Meninges layer; it's ___-like.
web
35
Dura Mater
thick, tough outer layer; attached to inside of skull & vertebrae
36
Dura Mater is the ________ Meninges layer; it's ______; attached to inside of _____ & __________.
outermost, tough, skull, vertebrae
37
Brain's 4 parts:
Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Brain Stem
Cerebellum
38
Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Brain Stem
Cerebellum
together make up the _____.
Brain
39
The 3 Maters _______ & ________ the Brain.
cushion, protect
40
Brain
large, soft mass of nervous tissue; where information is processed & instructions are issued
41
Brain is a large, soft mass of _________ tissue; where information is ________ & instructions are _________.
nervous, processed, issued
42
Cerebrum is Brain's _______ part; has characteristic "____"
largest, folds
43
3 Cerebrum functions:
- voluntary motor control
- gives meaning to information received from senses
- allows us to speak, remember, think, & feel emotions
44
- controls voluntary muscle movements
- gives meaning to information received from senses
- allows us to speak, remember, think, & feel emotions
are 3 functions of the _________.
Cerebrum
45
Cerebrum's right & left hemispheres communicate with each other & are connected by ______ ________.
Corpus Callosum
46
Corpus Callosum
connects & allows communication between Cerebrum's left & right hemispheres
47
Diencephalon contains __________ & _________________ (structures).
Thalamus, Hypothalamus
48
Thalamus & Hypothalamus are in the _______________.
Diencephalon
49
Thalamus
sorts out impulses that arrive via spinal cord from body parts & sends them to correct Cerebrum part
50
__________ sorts out impulses that arrive via spinal cord from body parts & send them to correct Cerebrum part.
Thalamus
51
Hypothalamus
regulates/controls body temperature, fluid balance, appetite, sleep cycles, some emotions, & Pituitary Gland
52
Hypothalamus regulates/controls body _________, _______ balance, ________, ________ cycles, some __________, & ______ Gland.
temperature, fluid, appetite, sleep, emotions, Pituitary
53
______ ______ connects Spinal Cord to Brain.
Brain Stem
54
Brain Stem's 3 parts:
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
55
Midbrain, Pons, & Medulla make up the Brain _____.
Stem
56
Medulla
contains centers that control respiration, heartbeat, & BP
57
__________ contains centers that control respiration, heartbeat, & BP.
Medulla
58
Cerebellum
coordinates brain’s commands to muscles so they move smoothly & in orderly fashion; plays role balance
59
Cerebellum coordinates brain’s commands to _________ so they move smoothly & in orderly fashion; plays role ________.
muscles, balance
60
________ Nerves connect directly to brain.
Cranial
61
We have __ pairs of Cranial Nerves.
12
62
Nervous System _________, _______, & ___________ to information.
receives, processes, responds
63
2 aging affects on Nervous System:
- slower reaction times
- memory/attention changes
64
- slower reaction times
- memory/attention changes
are 2 _______ affects on Nervous System.
aging
64
65
Slowed reaction times can increase an older person’s risk for _______ & other _________ accidents.
falling, household
66
Ischemia
decreased blood flow to tissues
67
__________ is decreased blood flow to tissues.
Ischemia
68
TIA stands for . . .
Transient Ischemic Attack.
69
Transient Ischemic Attack
temporary dysfunction episode caused by decreased blood flow to Brain
70
Transient Ischemic Attacks are a _________ dysfunction episode caused by decreased _____ flow to Brain.
temporary, blood
71
CVA stands for . . .
CerebroVascular Accident.
71
72
CVAs are also called ________.
Strokes
73
CVA/Stroke
occurs when blood flow to brain part is completely blocked, causing tissue death
74
CVAs/Strokes occur when blood flow to brain part is _________ blocked, causing tissue _________.
completely, death
75
Most common cause of CVA/Stroke:
blood clot
76
Blood clots are the _____ common CVA/Stroke causes.
most
77
- smoking
- Atherosclerosis
- certain heart Dysrhythmias
- poorly controlled Hypertension
- poorly controlled Diabetes
are 5 factors that can make a person at high risk for developing a ________ due to a blood clot:
CVA/Stroke
78
5 factors that can make a person at high risk for developing a CVA/Stroke due to a blood clot:
- smoking
- Atherosclerosis
- certain heart Dysrhythmias
- poorly controlled Hypertension
- poorly controlled Diabetes
79
__________ Hemorrhages can cause CVAs/Strokes.
Cerebral
80
Cerebral Hemorrhage
occurs when small artery in brain bursts; the bleeding into surrounding brain tissue puts pressure on delicate tissue, damaging it
81
Cerebral Hemorrhage occurs when small artery in brain ________; the ________ into surrounding brain tissue puts ________ on delicate tissue, ___________ it.
bursts, bleeding, pressure, damaging
82
Cerebral Hemorrhage is more likely in people with chronic ____________, __________, or certain blood vessel _____________ in Brain.
Hypertension
Arteriosclerosis
deformities
83
Arteriosclerosis
artery hardening
84
____________ is artery hardening.
Arteriosclerosis
85
2 most common disabilities resulting from CVA/Stroke:
Hemiplegia
Aphasia
86
Hemiplegia
paralysis/feeling-loss on one body side
87
______________ is paralysis/feeling-loss on one body side.
Hemiplegia
88
Aphasia
affects ability to communicate with others
89
Aphasia affects ability to ___________ with others.
communicate
90
Aphasia can be _________ or __________-.
Expressive, Receptive
91
Expressive Aphasia
caused by damage to Brain's motor centers that control ability to speak or form sounds into meaningful words; person may also have trouble swallowing (increasing choking risk)
92
Expressive Aphasia is caused by damage to Brain's ______ centers that control ability to ________ or form sounds into meaningful _________; person may also have trouble _____________ (increasing choking risk).
motor, speak, words, swallowing
93
Receptive Aphasia
caused by damage to Brain area that allows person to understand words; person can speak clearly, but no longer knows words' meanings; may not be able to follow verbal instruction
94
Receptive Aphasia is caused by damage to Brain area that allows person to ________ words; person can ______ clearly, but no longer knows words' __________; may not be able to follow __________ instruction.
understand, speak, meanings, verbal
95
Parkinsons Disease
Dopamine not produced in sufficient amounts, causing signal-blocking between Basal Ganglia & other brain regions
96
In Parkinsons Disease, _________ isn't produced in sufficient amounts, causing signal-blocking between ______ ________ & other brain regions.
Dopamine, Basal Ganglia
97
Parkinsons Disease is a ___________ disease.
progressive
98
TRAP, in relation to Parkinsons Disease, stands for . . .
tremors
rigidity
Akinesia
posture
99
Epilepsy
disorder characterized by chronic seizure activity
100
Epilepsy is a disorder characterized by ________ seizure activity.
chronic
101
Seizures
caused by interruptions of normal electrical brain activity
102
Seizures are caused by __________ of normal electrical brain activity.
interruptions
103
Seizures may be Grand Mal/Tonic–Clonic (generalized/_________ muscle contraction/relaxation) or Petit Mal/Absence (very _____ & hardly __________).
violent, mild, noticeable
104
Multiple Sclerosis
Autoimmune Disorder—immune system attacks & destroys Myelin Sheaths protecting nerves, resulting in faulty nerve impulse transmission
105
Multiple Sclerosis is an Autoimmune Disorder—immune system attacks & destroys _______ ________ protecting nerves, resulting in faulty nerve impulse ______________.
Myelin Sheaths, transmission
106
MS usually affects nerves in _____, ______, & _____ 1st, & then moves inward toward CNS.
hands, feet, eyes
107
- muscle weakness
- tingling sensations
- eye/s twitching
- visual disturbances
may be early signs of __________ ___________.
Multiple Sclerosis
108
4 early MS signs:
- muscle weakness
- tingling sensations
- eye/s twitching
- visual disturbances
109
In MS's late stages, person may become totally _________.
paralyzed
110
There's no cure for MS, though some medications have been shown to slow __________.
progression
111
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis is also (stupidly) called ___ _______ Disease.
Lou Gehrig
112
ALS is a ________ System disorder that causes progressive _________ weakness.
Nervous, muscle
113
In ________ __________ __________, Neurons that transmit impulses between Spinal Cord & muscles are damaged & eventually die.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
114
People in late stage ALS have total ______ & their minds remain _______; death occurs when person loses ability to _______ & __________.
paralysis, sharp, breathe, swallow
115
Some people with head injuries will have _________ similar to that seen in people who have had a CVA/Stroke, while others will develop ________, _________ problems, or ___________ problems.
paralysis, Epilepsy, memory, behavioral
116
Coma
deep state of unconsciousness from which person can't be aroused
117
Coma is deep state of unconsciousness from which person can't be ________.
aroused
118
If Coma persists longer than several weeks, person is in _____________ ___________ State.
Persistent Vegetative
119
Persistent Vegetative State
Coma that lasts >weeks
120
Injury to Spinal Cord in neck area can result in ____________/____________ because nerve impulses aren't able to travel past neck.
Quadriplegia/Tetraplegia
121
Quadriplegia/Tetraplegia
neck down paralysis
122
______________/_______________ is neck down paralysis.
Quadriplegia/Tetraplegia
123
2 diagnostic tests for people who might have neurologic disorders/diseases:
- imaging studies (x-rays, CT Scans, MRI scans)
- Electroencephalograms/EEGs
124
Electroencephalograms _______ Brain's electrical activity; used to pinpoint Brain's ___________ activity; detect _________/________ of Brain activity following severe brain injury.
records, Seizure, presence/absence
125
Imaging studies allow doctors to see _________ abnormalities of Brain, Spinal Cord, & surrounding _____ structures.
physical, bony
