Musculoskeletal System, C30; WB, Flashcards
Module/Week 10
4 bone types according to shape:
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
____ ________ is in Flat Bones & Long Bones’ ends.
Red Marrow
Bones are classified according to their ______.
shape
Joint’s Range of Motion
complete extent of movement joint is normally capable of without pain
Joints can be classified according to the amount of __________ they allow.
movement
Fixed Joints ___ move.
don’t
Synovial Fluid
thick fluid in joint cavity
______ Fluid lubricates joint, which helps joint move smoothly.
Synovial
Striations
strips
Skeletal muscle is _______ because muscle fibers make muscles look like they have stripes.
Striated
Ligament
strong fibrous tissue band that crosses over joint capsule, attaches bones to bones, & stabilizes joint
_____________ are strong fibrous tissue bands that cross over joint capsule, attach bones to bones, & stabilize joints.
Ligaments
Tendon
connective tissue band holding skeletal muscle to bone
__________ is a connective tissue band holding skeletal muscle to bone.
Tendon
Skeletal muscles can be attached to other muscles by broad, flat sheet of tendon called _________________.
Aponeurosis
Aponeurosis
broad, flat sheet of Tendon that attaches skeletal muscle to other muscle
6 Musculoskeletal functions:
protection
support
movement
heat production
calcium storage
blood cells production
The muscles of the back, neck, shoulders, and abdomen are responsible for maintaining _________.
posture
Skeletal muscles contractions produce ____ & to maintain constant body temperature.
heat
Because skeletal muscle is voluntary, it allows us to ____.
move
___________ is an important mineral necessary for proper functioning of skeletal & cardiac muscles; also what makes bone tissue hard/strong.
Calcium
Bones store _________, which we blood will take if we don’t eat enough from our diet.
calcium
Muscle Tone
steady contraction of skeletal muscles; helps maintain upright posture (sitting or standing)
________ _____ is steady contraction of skeletal muscles; helps maintain upright posture (sitting or standing).
Muscle Tone
___________ a muscle means shortening it & thus bringing some body part closer to core.
Contracting
3 aging effects on Musculoskeletal System:
bone tissue loss
muscle mass loss
wear & tear on joints
Aging decreases the body’s ability to _________ calcium.
absorb
If other conditions, such as poor nutrition, poor circulation, or a lack of physical activity are present, the loss of strong bone tissue occurs much more _______.
rapidly
Stump
amputated limb’s end that’s left after surgery
_________ is the amputated limb’s end that’s left after surgery.
Stump
Atrophy
muscle size/strength loss
___________ is muscle size/strength loss.
Atrophy
____________ can make muscle Atrophy much more severe.
Immobility
As we age, we lose _________ that make ligaments, tendons, & cartilage elastic/flexible, which can lead to stiffness & pain in joints.
proteins
Osteoporosis is more common in _____ females; it ____ a normal aging-related change..
older, isn’t
Osteoporosis
excessive bone tissue loss
____________ is excessive bone tissue loss.
Osteoporosis
7 risk factors for developing Osteoporosis:
- Menopause
- Underweight
- Smoking
- Inactivity/immobility
- diseases of thyroid & adrenal glands
- diet lacking in calcium, vitamin D (necessary for calcium absorption), & protein
- certain medications (steroids)
4 bones most commonly affected by Osteoporosis:
- spine
- pelvis
- arms’ long bones
- legs’ long bones
Vitamin _ is needed for calcium absorption.
D
If P/R has Osteoporosis, ___________ exercise, _____________ types of foods & liquids person consumes, & encourage snacks that are high in _________.
encourage, document, calcium
Arthritis
joint inflammation, usually associated with pain & stiffness
________ is joint inflammation, usually associated with pain & stiffness.
Arthritis
Arthritis is the ______ common Musculoskeletal disorder.
most
3 most common Arthritis types:
Osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Gout
Osteoarthritis
cartilage that covers bones’ ends wears away, making joint movement difficult/painful
____________ occurs when cartilage that covers bones’ ends wears away, making joint movement difficult/painful.
Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis appears to be the result of normal wear and tear on the joint, which is why it is seen most often in ________ people; it’s a _______________ disorder.
older, degenerative
Osteoarthritis usually affects ______-_______ joints, such as the ____, ____, & joints of _____ ________.
weight-bearing, knees, hips, spinal column
Osteoarthritis development process (6):
- begins when smooth cartilage on bones’ ends becomes rough (due to using joint)
- rough area becomes inflamed
- bony deposits build up
- bony deposits rub against/damage cartilage
- cycle repeats until cartilage wears down to point where bone rubs against bone
- joint becomes swollen, stiff, & very painful
When sitting, P/R who had hip replacement surgery must use _______-_______ chair, & hips must be flexed not >__ degrees with ____ on floor.
straight-backed, 90, flat
Rheumatoid Arthritis
condition that can cause severe joint deformities
____________ ____________ is a condition that can cause severe joint deformities.
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis is likely an ________________ disorder.
autoimmune
gout can affect ____ joint, but the ___ ___ is most often affected.
any, big toe
Gout
Arthritis; caused by disturbance in body’s metabolism
______ is Arthritis; caused by disturbance in body’s metabolism.
Gout
In Gout, body makes too much ____ ____ or kidneys are unable to properly process ____ ____, then ____ ____ builds up in body, forming _______ deposited within joints.
uric acid (x3), crystals
Uric Acid
metabolism waste product; usually eliminated from body in urine
_____ Acid is a metabolism waste product; usually eliminated from body in urine.
Uric
Person with Muscular Dystrophy can die because muscles that allow them to breathe eventually become too ____ to perform this vital function.
weak
Muscular Dystrophy
group of disorders that cause skeletal muscles to become progressively weaker
____________ ________ is a group of disorders that cause skeletal muscles to become progressively weaker.
Muscular Dystrophy
The most common form of Muscular Dystrophy that begins in adulthood is ____________ Muscular Dystrophy (difficulty relaxing muscles after contracting them; muscles may spasm).
Myotonic
Fracture
broken bone
____________ Fractures occur in bones that have been weakened by disease process (Osteoporosis, bone cancer).
Pathologic
Reduction
process of bringing bone’s broken ends into alignment
____________ is the process of bringing bone’s broken ends into alignment.
Reduction
ORIF stands for . . .
. . . Open Reduction Internal Fixation.
Fixation
holding bone in one position until Fracture heals
___________ holds bone in in position ‘til Fracture heals.
Fixation.
Closed Reduction
lining up bone’s broken ends by pushing/pulling them back into place
________ Reduction is lining up bone’s broken ends by pushing/pulling them back into place.
Closed
External Fixation ______ require surgery.
doesn’t
A cast is __________ Fixation.
External
____ Reduction surgically exposes bone to line up broken ends.
Open
Open Reduction
surgically exposes bone to line up broken ends
Internal Fixation
using metal plates, screws, rods, pins, or wires to hold bone’s broken ends in place until bone heals
________ Fixation uses metal plates, screws, rods, pins, or wires to hold bone’s broken ends in place until bone heals.
Internal
Traction
bone’s ends are placed in proper alignment & weight is applied to exert constant pull & keep bone in alignment
__________ = bone’s ends are placed in proper alignment & weight is applied to exert constant pull & keep bone in alignment.
Traction
Total Joint Replacement
removing bone’s ends in affected joint & replacing them with metal/plastic parts
______ ______ Replacement = removing bone’s ends in affected joint & replacing them with metal/plastic parts.
Total Joint
Following hip replacement surgery, muscles & ligaments that hold hip joint in place are weak (making femur dislocation easy), so P/R’s legs are _________ to help prevent dislocation.
abducted
___________ (hormone) helps prevent bone tissue loss in females.
Estrogen
Spinal column bone ________ causes upper back to curve into deformity known as Kyphosis.
crumbling
Closed Fracture
bone is broken, but broken ends don’t protrude through overlying skin
In a ________ Fracture, broken ends don’t protrude through skin.
Closed
Open/Compound Fracture
broken bones’ sharp ends brake through skin
_____/_______ Fracture has broken bone sticking out of skin.
Open/Compound
Greenstick Fracture
bone bends/splinters, but doesn’t break all the way through
___________ Fracture bends/splinters bone, but doesn’t break all the way through.
Greenstick
Impacted Fracture
bone is broken all the way through; broken ends are jammed into each other.
___________ Fracture has bone broken all the way through & jammed into itself.
Impacted
Comminuted Fracture
bone splinters into several little pieces
____________ Fracture splinters bone into several little pieces.
Comminuted
Spiral Fracture
break circles around bone in winding fashion
________ Fracture breaks circles around bone in winding fashion.
Spiral
___ (acronym) exercises preserve joint & muscle function in people who’ve limited musculoskeletal system use.
RoM
When assisting with RoM exercises, follow nurse’s/Physical Therapist’s care plan _______.
exactly
When assisting with RoM exercises, move through exercises _____________.
systematically
When assisting with RoM exercises, avoid moving joint past its _____________ point.
resistance
3 RoM exercise types:
Active
Passive
Active-Assistive
3 complications that performing RoM exercises helps prevent:
Contractures
permanent muscle weakness
brittle bones
