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Medical Terminology > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Process of thought—including reasoning, judgment, and perception

A

Cognition

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2
Q

Electrical signal transmitted along the nerve fiber in response to a stimulus

A

nerve impulse

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3
Q

Chemicals in the brain that transmit messages between nerve cells (neurons)

A

neurotransmitters

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4
Q

Pertaining to the outside, surface, or surrounding area of an organ or structure or occurring away from its center

A

peripheral

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5
Q

Caused by or pertaining to an injury

A

traumatic

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6
Q

Pertaining to or composed of blood vessels

A

vascular
vascul: vessel (usually blood or lymph)
-ar: pertaining to

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7
Q

is the branch of medicine concerned with diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.

A

neurology

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8
Q

This system controls voluntary and involuntary movements as well as some organ and gland functioning. It also controls all processes of cognition, such as thinking, feeling, and remembering

A

Nervous system

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9
Q

This type of doctor detects, diagnoses, and treats symptoms and disorders that indicate impairment of any of these functions

A

neurologist

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10
Q

Name conditions a neurologist tends to

A
  • vascular problems that affect the brain
  • infections or inflammations of the brain or the spinal cord tissue,
  • nervous tissue tumors,
  • degenerative neuromuscular disorders
  • traumatic brain injury
  • spinal cord injury
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11
Q

branch of surgery involving the nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord

A

neurosurgery

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12
Q

controls all critical body activities and reactions and is one of the most complex systems of the body

A

The nervous system

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13
Q

How do the nervous system and the endocrine system differ?

A

The endocrine system slowly releases hormones into the bloodstream, he nervous system is designed to act instantaneously by transmitting electrical impulses to specific body locations

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14
Q

Name functions of the nervous system

A

The nervous system:
* coordinates** voluntary **(conscious) activities, such as walking, talking, and eating
* controls involuntary (unconscious) functions, such as reflexes to pain, body changes related to stress, and processes related to thoughts and emotions.

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15
Q

The nervous system consists of two main divisions, what are they?

A

the central nervous system (CNS)
and
the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

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16
Q

What are the two main parts of the Central nervous system(CNS)?

A

the brain and spinal cord and is the control center of the body

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17
Q

Name the peripheral nerves of the PNS

A
  • cranial nerves (emerging from the base of the skull)
  • spinal nerves (emerging from the spinal cord)
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18
Q

What is the main function of the PNS
peripheral nervous system?

A

The PNS connects the CNS to remote body parts to relay and receive messages, and its autonomic nerves regulate involuntary functions of the internal organs

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19
Q

nervous system consists of only two principal types of cells they are

A

neurons and neuroglia

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20
Q

These are the basic structural and functional units of the nervous system that are grouped into bundles of nerves or nerve tracts that carry electrical messages throughout the body

A

neurons

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21
Q

assist in transmitting messages between neurons

A

neurotransmitters

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22
Q

perform such functions as perception of sensory stimuli, learning, memory, and control of muscles and glands.

A

Neurons

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23
Q

do not carry messages; they perform the functions of support and protection.

A

Neuroglia or Glial cells

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24
Q
  • form a supporting network by twining around nerve cells or lining certain structures in the brain and the spinal cord
  • Others bind nervous tissues to supporting structures and attach the neurons to their blood vessels.
  • Certain small glial cells are phagocytic that protect the CNS from disease by engulfing the invading microbes, destroying them, and clearing away debris
  • Neuroglia are of clinical interest because they are a common source of tumors (gliomas) of the nervous system.
A

neuroglial, or glial cells

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25
Q

cerebrum
cerebr/o

A

largest part of the brain containing the cerebral cortex, as well as several subcortical structures, including the hippocampus, basal ganglia, and olfactory bulb. In the human brain, the cerebrum is the uppermost region of the central nervous system. The cerebrum develops prenatally from the forebrain.

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26
Q

encephal/o

A

brain

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27
Q

Diencephalon

A

interbrain
consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus and pituatary gland

28
Q

myel/o

A

spinal cord

29
Q

medulla
medull/o

A

he part of your brainstem that connects your brain and spinal cord.

30
Q

cerebellum
cerebell/o

A

lower-back part of the brain that controls most physical movements, balance, and coordination

31
Q

pertaining to the brain and spine or spinal cord

A

cerebrospinal
cerebr/o
cerebrum
spin: spine
-al: pertaining to

32
Q

encephalitis

A

inflammation of the brain

33
Q

tumor composed of neuroglial tissue which is the supportive tissue of the nervous system

A

gli/oma
gli/o
glue; neuroglial tissue
-oma: tumo

34
Q

meningocele

A

herniation or saclike protrusion of the meninges through the skull or the vertibrea column
mening/o
meninges (membranes covering brain and spinal cord)
-cele: hernia, swelling

35
Q

meningioma
-oma: tumor

A

tumor composed of meninges

36
Q

myel/o
bone marrow; spinal cord
myel/algia
-algia: pain

A

pain of the spinal cord or its membranes

37
Q

neurolysis

A

destruction of a nerve
neur/o: nerve
-lysis: separation; destruction; loosening

38
Q

epi/lepsy
-lepsy: seizure
epi-: above, upon

A

seizure disorder

39
Q

-phasia
speech
a/phasia
a-: without, not

A

without speech

40
Q

dys-: bad, painful, difficult
dys/phasia
-phasia: speech

A

difficulty speaking or the impairment in the production of speech

41
Q

paralysis of one **half **of the body, right or left

A

hemi/paresis
hemi-
one half
-paresis: partial paralysis

42
Q

paralysis of lower both legs or lower part of the body

A

paraplegia
para-
near; beside; beyond
-plegia: paralysis

43
Q

paralysis of all four extremities

A

quadri/plegia
quadri-four
-plegia: paralysis

44
Q

Degenerative disorder that manifests in adulthood with symptoms of difficulty swallowing and talking, dyspnea, muscle weakness, and paralysis; also called Lou Gehrig disease

A

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

45
Q

Progressive, irreversible deterioration of mental function marked by memory impairment and, commonly, deficits in reasoning, judgment, abstract thought, comprehension, learning, task execution, and use of language

A

dementia

46
Q

Chronic, organic brain syndrome characterized by death of neurons in the cerebral cortex and their replacement by microscopic “plaques,” resulting in dementia that progresses to complete loss of mental, emotional, and physical functioning and personality changes; also called cerebral degeneration

A

Alzheimer disease

47
Q

Inherited, degenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with symptoms developing in middle age as nerve cells in the brain waste away, resulting in uncontrolled bizarre movements, emotional disturbances, and mental deterioration; also called neurodegenerative genetic disorder

A

Huntington chorea

48
Q

Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the ventricles of the brain that is most common in neonates, but can also occur in adults as a result of injury or disease; if left untreated, causes an enlarged head and cognitive decline

A

hydrocephalus
hydro: water
cephal: head
-us: condition, structure

49
Q

Progressive degenerative disease of the CNS, which is characterized by inflammation, hardening, and loss of myelin throughout the spinal cord and brain and produces weakness and other muscular symptoms

A

multiple sclerosis (MS)
scler: hardening; sclera (white of eye)
-osis: abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells)

50
Q

Malignant tumor composed mainly of cells resembling neuroblasts that occurs most commonly in infants and children

A

neuroblastoma
neur/o: nerve
blast: embryonic cell
-oma: tumor

51
Q

Nonpsychotic mental illness that triggers feelings of distress and anxiety and impairs normal behavior

A

neurosis
neur/o: nerve
-osis: abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells)

52
Q

Partial or complete loss of motor function; also called paralysis

A

palsy

53
Q

Facial paralysis on one side of the face as a result of inflammation of a facial nerve; also called facial nerve palsy

A

Bells Palsy

54
Q

Bilateral, symmetrical, nonprogressive motor dysfunction and partial paralysis, which is usually caused by damage to the cerebrum during gestation or birth trauma but can also be hereditary

A

cerebral palsy
cerebr: cerebrum
-al: pertaining to

55
Q

Loss of muscle function, loss of sensation, or both as a result of spinal cord injury

A

paralysis
para-: near, beside; beyond
-lysis: separation; destruction; loosening

56
Q

Progressive neurological disorder caused by neurotransmitter deficiency of dopamine that results in motor disturbances and other characteristics

A

Parkinson disease

57
Q

Inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus, commonly resulting in spinal and muscle deformity and paralysis

A

poliomyelitis
poli/o: gray; gray matter (of brain or spinal cord)
myel: bone marrow; spinal cord
-itis: inflammation

58
Q

Mental disorder marked by loss of contact with reality; often with delusions and hallucinations

A

psychosis
psych/o: mind
-osis: abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells)

59
Q

Severe pain in the leg along the course of the sciatic nerve, which travels from the hip to the foot

A

sciatica

60
Q

Chronic viral disease in which painful blisters appear on the skin along the course of a peripheral nerve and is caused by inflammation secondary to herpes zoster virus, the same virus that causes chickenpox; also called herpes zoster

A

shingles

61
Q

Congenital neural tube defect characterized by incomplete closure of the spinal canal through which the spinal cord and meninges may or may not protrude

A

spina bifida

62
Q

Most common and least severe form of spina bifida without protrusion of the spinal cord or meninges

A

spina bifida occulta

63
Q

More severe type of spina bifida that involves protrusion of the meninges (meningocele), spinal cord (myelocele), or both (meningomyelocele)

A

spina bifida cystica

64
Q

Inadequate supply of blood and oxygen to the brain caused by a clot or ruptured blood vessel (hemorrhage), allowing the brain tissue to die; it is a medical emergency; also called cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A

stroke

65
Q

Interruption in blood supply to the brain that does not cause permanent brain damage but may be an indication of a higher risk for a more serious and debilitating condition (stroke); also called ministroke

A

transient ischemic attack (TIA)
ischem: to hold back, block
-ic: pertaining to

66
Q
A

Medical Terminology (55 decks)

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