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Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Which carcinomas are special in that their main mode of metastasis is via hematogenous spread?

A
  1. Follicular Thyroid CA
  2. Choriocarcinoma
  3. Renal cell CA
  4. Hepatocellular CA
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2
Q

Too much exposure to aniline dyes can lead to which cancer?

A

Bladder urothelial CA

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3
Q

What proto-oncogene (when mutated) can lead to neuroblastoma?

A

N-MYC

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4
Q

An abnormal mass of tissue with excessive and uncoordinated growth compared to that of a normal tissues ; its growth persists after cessation of the stimuli that evoked the growth ; literally means new growth.

A

Neoplasm

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5
Q

Localized neoplasms with names usually ending with -oma, except lymphoma, seminoma, dysgerminoma, hepatoma and melanoma ( these are malignant neoplasm)

A

Benign neoplasm

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6
Q

Neoplasms that invade and destroy adjacent tissues?

A

Malignant neoplasms

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7
Q

Malignant neoplasms of epithelial origin usually spread by Lymphatic route eg. Colorectal adenocarcinoma

A

Carcinomas

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8
Q

Malignant neoplasms of mesenchymal origin, usually spread by hematogenous route, eg. Uterine leiomyosarcoma?

A

Sarcomas

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9
Q

Benign but disorganized appearance of tissue indigenous to a particular organ eg. Peutz -Jegher Polyp

A

Hamartoma

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10
Q

Cytologically and architecturally normal tissue in an ectopic location. Eg Ectopic gastric tissue in Meckel Diverticulum.

A

Choristoma ( Basically, Ectopia)

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11
Q

Extent to which neoplastic cells resemble their normal forebears morphologically and functionally.

A

Differentiation

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12
Q

Considered hallmark of malignancy , which literally means “ to form backward” , term used to describe cells with little or no differentiation.

A

Anaplasia

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13
Q

Disorderly cellular proliferation described as a loss in uniformity of individual cells and of their architectural orientation?

A

Dysplasia

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14
Q

Fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm.

A

Desmoplasia

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15
Q

Dysplastic changes that involve the entire thickness of the epithelium , without violation of the basement membrane?

A

Carcinoma in situ

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16
Q

Development of secondary implants discontinuous with the primary tumor in remote tissues, more than any other attribute , this identifies a neoplasm as malignant.

A

Metastasis

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17
Q

Next to metastasis , this is the most reliable feature that distinguishes malignant from benign tumors?

A

Local invasion

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18
Q

Top 3 common cancers in males?

A
  1. Prostate
  2. Lung
  3. Colorectal
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19
Q

Top 3 common cancers in females?

A
  1. Breast
  2. Lung
  3. Colorectal = Uterine corpus
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20
Q

Top 3 common cancers mortality in males?

A
  1. Lung
  2. Prostate
  3. Colorectal
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21
Q

Top 3 common cancer mortalities in females?

A
  1. Lung
  2. Breast
  3. Colorectal = Pancreas
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22
Q

Hallmarks of Cancer? (8)

A
  1. Self- sufficiency in growth signals
  2. Insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals
  3. Altered cellular metabolism
  4. Evasion of apoptosis
  5. Limitless replicative potential (immortality)
  6. Sustained angiogenesis
  7. Ability to invade and metastasize
  8. Ability to evade the host immune response
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23
Q

Normal cellular genes whose products promote cell proliferation; examples : RAS (most commonly mutated proto-oncogene in human cancers) and ABL (in MCL)

A

Proto-oncogenes

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24
Q

Mutant or over expressed versions of proto-oncogenes that function autonomously without a requirement for normal growth-promoting signals .

A

Oncogenes

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25
Genes whose products apply brakes to the cell proliferation, abnormalities in such leads to carcinogenesis.
Tumor suppressor genes
26
Governor of proliferation, a tumor suppressor gene that exerts anti-proliferative effects by controlling G1-S checkpoint in the cell cycle.
Rb governoRb
27
Guardian of the genome, a tumor suppressor gene that regulates cell cycle progression, DNA repair, Cellular senescence, and apoptosis , the most frequently mutated tumor-suppressor gene in human cancers, mutated in Li-Fraumeni Syndrome.
p53 ( Police 53)
28
Fermentative glucose metabolism by cancer cells , even in the presence of oxygen , which provides metabolic ingredients of synthesis of cellular constituents.
Warburg Metabolism Ferment **W**ine : **W**arburg
29
Progressive loss of body fat and lean body mass accompanied by profound weakness , anorexia, and anemia in cancer patients, mediated by cytokines (TNF, IL-1, IL-6, Lipid mobilizing factor)
Cancer cachexia
30
Signs and symptoms not referable to the anatomic distribution , usually due to an ectopic hormone production by tumor cells eg. Ectopic ACTH Production (Cushing Syndrome) in small cell lung cancer, Hypercalcemia in squamous cell carcinoma Lung ( due to PTHrp expression).
Paraneoplastic Syndrome
31
Term used to describe the **degree of differentiation** based on histologic appearance of tumor eg. Gleason scoring in Prostatic adenocarcinoma?
Tumor grade ( high grade - malignant, low grade - less likely)
32
Term used to describe the degree of **localization/ spread of the tumor, usual criteria: location and size of the primary tumor, nodal status, and presence of distant metastasis,** has more prognostic value than tumor grade. Eg AJCC cancer staging system TNM.
Tumor stage
33
Conditions secondary to release of products of dying cancer cells during chemotherapy, characterized by hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperuricemia, **hypocalcemia.**
Tumor lysis syndrome
34
Which of the following malignancies has propensity for hematogenous spread? a. Breast carcinoma b. Prostatic CA c. Sarcoma d. Lymphoma
Sarcoma
35
Mutation that leads to acquisition of cancer hallmarks?
Driver mutation
36
Virus responsible for Burkitt’s lymphoma ?
Epstein Barr Virus Epstein **BUR** virus
37
Cancer correlated to urinary schistosomiasis, Schistosoma haematobium.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder
38
Percentage of alcoholics that will develop cirrhosis ?
10-15%
39
Feature seen in prostatic adenocarcinoma?
Perineural spread of the tumor
40
In meningomyeloceles , the route of infection to the nervous system is through ?
Direct implantation
41
In performing biopsies on palpable lesions, which microscopic finding is more likely indicative that the lesion is malignant?
Invasion to adjacent tissues
42
Metastasis of tumors of the kidney and liver can reach the heart ang pericardium through?
Hematogenous seeding
43
Features of MEN 1.
1. Primary tumors ( prolactin or GH) 2. Pancreatic endocrine tumors - Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome - Insulinomas - VIPomas -Glucagonomas (rare) 3. Parathyroid adenomas 4. Associated mutation of MEN 1 -Tumor suppressor gene -Codes for menin -Chromosome 1 angiofibromas -Collagenomas -Meningiomas **Mnemonic: Disease in Pituitary, Parathyroid, Pancreas**
44
Features of MEN 2A .
1. Parathyroid hyperplasia 2. Medullary thyroid carcinoma - neoplasm of para follicular C cells, Secretes calcitonin, prophylactic thyroidectomy required 3. Pheochromocytoma- secretes cathecolamines 4. Associated with mutation in RET - Protooncogene -Codes for receptor tyrosine -Chromosome 10 **Mnemonic: only type Affects Adrenal glands**
45
Features of MEN2B
1. Medullary thyroid carcinoma 2. Pheochromocytoma 3. **Mucosal neuromas A** ( oral, intestinal, ganglioneuromatosis) 4. Associated with *Marfanoid habitus** mutation in RET genes **Mnemonic: only type that has ORAL manifestations (MEN 2B Kissed)**
46
Diffuse Gastric Adenocarcinoma Features
1. Not associated with H.pylori 2. E-cadherin mutation 3. Signet ring cells ( mucin filled cells with peripheral nuclei) 4. Stomach wall is grossly thickened and leathery ( lintis plastica)
47
Medullary Thyroid CA morphology?
Chief cell hyperplasia and (+) Amyloid
48
More sensitive tumor marker of Medullary Thyroid CA?
Calcitonin
49
Better predictor of prognosis in Medullary Thyroid CA?
CEA
50
Patent urachus is a risk factor for which type of carcinoma of the bladder?
Adenocarcinoma
51
Smoking is a risk factor for which type of carcinoma of the bladder?
Transitional Cell Carcinoma **Smoking Trans**
52
Chronic irritation and S. haematobium are risk factors for which type of carcinoma of the bladder?
Squamous cell carcinoma Mnemonics: **S**chistosoma x **S**quamous
53
Cancers that has point mutations of RAS family genes? (6)
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma 90% Colon 50% Thyroid 30% Lung adenocarcinoma Myeloid Leukemia Cholangiocarcinoma
54
Cancer that has point mutations of BRAF family genes? (2)
Hairy Cell Leukemias 100% Melanoma 60%
55
Cancers that has point mutations of BCR-ABL genes?
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia ( Philadelphia Chromosome)
56
Cancers that has point mutations of NMYC and LMYC genes?
Neuroblastoma MYC - Burkitt Lymphoma
57
Cancers that has point mutations of Platelet Derived Growth Factor (PDGF and PDGFR) Receptor genes?
Glioblastoma
58
What cancer has mutations in ERBB1 receptor encoding EGFR ?
Lung Adenocarcinoma
59
What cancer has mutations in ERBB2 receptor encoding HER 2 ?
Breast Carcinomas
60
What cancer has mutations in EML4-ALK fusion gene ?
Lung adenocarcinoma Mutations in receptor tyrosine kinases: - EML4-ALK -ERBB1 -EGFR
61
Cancer involved in overexpression of PDGF-B ?
Astrocytoma
62
Cancer involved in overexpression of Fibroblast growth factor HSTI ?
Osteosarcoma
63
Cancer involved in amplification of Fibroblast growth factor 3 (FGF3) ? (4)
Stomach Bladder Breast Melanoma
64
Cancer involved in overexpression of TGF-a ?
Astrocytoma Overexpression of growth factors: PDGF-B TGF-a
65
Cancer involved in overexpression of HGF? (2)
Hepatocellular Carcinoma Thyroid Cancer
66
Cancer involved in point mutation and translocation of JAK/STAT signal transduction ? (2)
Myeloproliferative Disorders Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
67
Cancer involved in the **translocation** of CCNDI 1 ( Cyclin D1 ) ? (2)
Mantle Cell Lymphoma Multiple Myeloma
68
Cancer involved in the **amplification** of CCNDI 1 ( Cyclin D1 ) ? (2)
Breast & Esophageal Carcinoma
69
Cancer involved in the amplification & point mutationof CDK4 ? (3)
Glioblastoma Melanoma Sarcoma
70
Oncogenes involved in Melanoma with their mode of activation? (4)
1. Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF 3) - amplification 2. GTP binding protein NRAS- point mutation 3. RAS signal transduction BRAF- point mutation 4. Cyclin Dependent kinase CDK4 - amplification & point mutation
71
Tumor antigens - help tumor eradication. (6)
1. CEA 2. AFP 3. **CA-125 & CA 19-9 : Ovarian** Carcinoma 4. **MUC-1 : Ovarian** & Breast CA 5. CD **20** : Mature **B cell** Lymphomas & Leukemias 6. CD **30: T** cell lymphomas and most Hodgkin Lymphomas
72
CML translocation and affected genes?
Translocation : 9,22 Affected Genes: ABL , BCR Grandmother **92** yo has **CML** not **ABL** to go to **Bath at CR**
73
AML translocation and affected genes?
Translocation 8;21 & 15;17 Affected genes AML ETO PML RARA
74
Burkitt Lymphoma translocation and affected genes?
Translocation 8;14 Affected genes MYC IGH
75
Mantle Cell Lymphoma translocation and affected genes?
Translocation 11;14 Gene affected CCNDI IGH
76
Ewing Sarcoma translocation and affected genes?
Translocation 11;22 Affected gene FLI 1 EWSRI
77
Prostatic Adenocarcinoma translocation and affected genes?
Translocation 7;21 17;21 Gene affected TMPRSS2 ETV I
78
HNPCC / Lynch Syndrome develop carcinomas of cecum and proximal colon due to mutations of one or more of its polyps. What are the genes involves in its DNA mismatch repair? (2)
MSH2 MLH1
79
Paraneoplastic syndrome of Squamous Cell carcinoma of the Lungs?
Hypercalcemia
80
Paraneoplastic syndrome of **small cell** carcinoma of the lungs?
Endocrinopathies : Cushing Syndrome
81
Paraneoplastic syndrome of gastric, lung and endocrine carcinomas?
Acanthosis nigricans : Leser trelat sign Note: Due to secretion of epidermal growth factors
82
Paraneoplastic syndrome of pancreatic or lung cancer?
Migratory Thrombophlebitis : Trousseau Syndrome
83
Paraneoplastic syndrome of acutepromyelocytic leukemia and prostatic adenocarcinoma?
DIC ( Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation )
84
Cancers that shows Myasthenia as paraneoplastic syndrome?
Bronchogenic carcinoma Thymic carcinoma Note: check thymus & lungs in myasthenic patients
85
Paraneoplastic syndromes caused by thymic & bronchogenic carcinomas? (3)
Myasthenia Hypertrophic osteopathy & Clubbing of fingers

Pathology (23 decks)

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