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Pathology > Infalmmation & Repair > Flashcards

Infalmmation & Repair Flashcards

1
Q

What do you call inflammation of brain parenchyma?

A

Encephalitis

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2
Q

What are the steps in the recruitment of leukocytes to sites of inflammation?

A

Margination, Rolling, Adhesion, Diapedesis, Chemotaxis

( MR ADi Chemo )

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3
Q

Which vasoactive amine causes arteriolar dilatation and increase in vanular permeability? Which cells predominantly produce it?

A

Histamine, Mast cells

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4
Q

Which cytokine functions to recruit neutrophils and monocytes?

A

IL-17

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5
Q

What is the abundant complement?
What does it gives rise to?
And what are the functions of its products?

A

C3
C3a - anaphylotoxin
C3b - opsonin

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6
Q

C1 inhibitor deficiency leads to what disease?

A

Hereditary Angioedema

( C1 rotate up 1 is eyes C is the angioedema )

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7
Q

C1 inhibitor deficiency leads to what disease?

A

Hereditary angioedema

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8
Q

What do you call a collection of activated macrophages , often with peripheral T-lymphocytes , and sometimes associated with central necrosis?

A

Granuloma

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9
Q

What is the most important cytokine for the synthesis and deposition of connective tissue proteins?

A

TGF-B transforming growth factor beta

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10
Q

Response of vascularized tissues to infections and damaged tissues that brings cells and molecules of host defense from the circulation to the sites where they are needed , in order to eliminate the offending agent?

A

Inflammation

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11
Q

The initial response to infections and tissue damage?

A

Acute inflammation

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12
Q

Inflammatory response of prolonged duration in which inflammation, tissue injury, and attempts at repair coexist in varying combinations.

A

Chronic inflammation

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13
Q

Restoration of tissue architecture and function after injury.

A

Tissue repair

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14
Q

Components of acute inflammation.

A
  1. Dilatation of small vessels.
  2. Increased microvascular permeability.
  3. Emigration of leukocytes and their activation.
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15
Q

Initial vascular response to injury?

A

Vasoconstriction

( constrict to stop bleeding if injury)

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16
Q

Most notable mediator that produces vasodilation; stored mast cells, platelets and basophils.

A

Histamine

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17
Q

Most common mechanism of increased microvascular permeability in acute inflammation.

A

Endothelial cell contraction

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18
Q

Morphological hallmarks of acute inflammation. (2)

A
  1. Vasodilation
  2. Accumulation of leukocytes and fluid in the extravascular tissue
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19
Q

Outcomes of acute inflammation? (4)

A
  1. Resolution
  2. Pus formation (abscess )
  3. Healing by fibrosis
  4. Progression to chronic inflammation
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20
Q

Steps in leukocyte recruitments ? (5)

A
  1. Margination
  2. Rolling
  3. Adhesion
  4. Transmigration
  5. Chemotaxis
    (MR ADi Chemo) Transmargination / Diapedesis
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21
Q

The process of leukocyte accumulation at the periphery of blood vessels.

A

Margination

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22
Q

Transient binding and detachment of leukocytes to the endothelium, mediated by selectins.

A

Rolling

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23
Q

Firm adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelium; mediated by integrins.

A

Adhesion

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24
Q

The process of migration of the leukocytes through the endothelium , mediated by PECAM-1 / CD31.

A

Transmigration or Diapedesis

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25
Q

Process of leukocyte migration toward sites of infection or injury along a chemical gradient ; mediated by exogenous or endogenous substances.

A

Chemotaxis

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26
Q

Type of inflammatory mediators that are normally sequestered in intracellular granules , and can be rapidly secreted by granule exocytosis, or are synthesized de novo in response to a stimulus eg. Histamine, Serotonin, Cytokines, and Arachidonic acid derivatives ( Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes)

A

Cell derived mediators

27
Q

Type of inflammatory mediators that are produced mainly in the liver , and are present in the circulation as inactive precursors that must be activated by proteolytic cleavage to acquire their biologic properties eg. Complement , Coagulation, and Kinin Systems.

A

Plasma-derived mediators

28
Q

Vasoactive amine found in platelets and neuroendocrine cells, causes vasoconstriction.

29
Q

Most abundant complement.

30
Q

Complement that acts as an opsonin.

31
Q

Anaphylatoxins (3)

A

C3a, C4a, C5a

32
Q

Membrane attack complex. (5)

A

C5b, C6-C9

33
Q

Deficiency of the following complement protein increases susceptibility to infections involving pyogenic bacteria?

A

C3

( in-fec-tion has 3 syllables)

34
Q

Deficiency of the following complement related protein causes hereditary angioedema?

A

C1 inhibitory deficiency

35
Q

Deficiency of the following complement proteins increases susceptibility to immune complex-mediated disease. (3)

A

C1q, C2, and C4

( I for One 1 , Im-mune 2 syllables, Im-mmune Com-plex 4 syllables)

36
Q

Deficiency of the following complement proteins increases susceptibility to Neisseria infections.

A

C5-C9

( NeisSERIA = neis56789 ) start to count 5 at the last S

37
Q

Main cells involved in chronic inflammation?

A
  1. Macrophages
  2. Lymphocytes
38
Q

Collections of activated macrophages, some of which from multinucleated giant cells, often with T lymphocytes, and sometimes associated with central necrosis.

39
Q

Two kinds of cells seen in granulomas.

A
  1. Epithelioid cells
  2. Giant cells
40
Q

Precursor cell of epithelioid cells and giant cells.

A

Macrophage

41
Q

Type of tissue whose cells can readily regenerate as long as the pool of stem cells is preserved eg bone marrow and vaginal epithelium.

A

Labile tissues

42
Q

Type of tissue whose cells are quiescent and have only minimal replicative activity in their normal state; capable of proliferating in response to injury or loss of tissue mass eg. Smooth muscles, endothelium, and liver parenchyma.

A

Stable tissues

43
Q

Type of tissue whose cells are considered to be terminally differentiated and are non-proliferative in in post natal life eg. Neurons and cardiac muscle.

A

Permanent tissues

44
Q

Type of repair that happens in labile and stable tissues, influenced by growth factors.

A

Regeneration

45
Q

Type of repair that happens in chronic, severe inflammation, in stable tissues once replicative capacity is exhausted (eg. In liver cirrhosis) and in permanent tissues.

A

Connective Tissue deposition

46
Q

Steps in healing by connective tissue deposition.(3)

A
  1. Angiogenesis
  2. Formation of granulation tissue
  3. Remodeling of the scar
47
Q

Most notable growth factor in angiogenesis.

48
Q

Most important cytokine for synthesis and deposition of connective tissue.

49
Q

Hallmark of repair.

A

Granulation tissue

50
Q

Components of granulation tissue. (4)

A
  1. Proliferation of fibroblasts
  2. Loose connective tissue
  3. Angiogenesis
  4. Inflammation cells

PLAI

51
Q

Hematologic test that is a non-specific indicator of inflammation.

A

ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate)

52
Q

23/M Medical technologist sustained a puncture wound from a needle stick during venipuncture. What is the initial vascular response?

A

Vasoconstriction

53
Q

Type of cells considered to be naive cells and constitute the largest subpopulation of B cells.

A

Follicular B cells

54
Q

Type of interleukin produced for anti-viral defense.

A

IL-2

(AnTWOviral )

55
Q

Which of the following proteins that assist the T cell receptor functions as combatants of infection.

56
Q

Which cell type performs a phagocytic function.

A

Macrophage

57
Q

Leucocytic cells that may be the main type of cell in allergic reactions.

A

Eosinophils

58
Q

Which cell type performs a phagocytic function?

A

Macrophage

59
Q

Microscopic finding of MI 0-4hrs?

A

None to variable waviness of the fiber

60
Q

Microscopic finding of MI 1-3 days ?

A

Neutrophilic infiltrate

61
Q

Microscopic finding of MI 3-7 days ?

A

Macrophage infiltrate

62
Q

Microscopic finding of MI 1-2 weeks?

A

Granulation tissue

63
Q

Microscopic finding of MI >2 months ?

A

Dense collagenous scar

Pathology (23 decks)

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