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Pathology > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

This occurs when an initially left to right shunt becomes a right to left shunt due to an irreversible changes in the pulmonary vasculature.

A

Eisenmengerization

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2
Q

This is the most common primary cardiac tumor in children.

A

Rhabdomyoma

Note:
Myxomas in adults

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3
Q

This is the inability of the heart to pump blood at a rate sufficient to meet the metabolic demands of tissues or can do so only at an elevated filling pressure.

A

Heart failure

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4
Q

What is the most common type of ASD ?

A

Secundum 90%

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5
Q

This specific cardiac enzyme is used to assess reinfarction due to it having faster rate of return to normal levels.

A

CK-MB

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6
Q

What is the most common causative agent in acute infective endocarditis?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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7
Q

This is the most common cause of sudden cardiac death in young athletes.

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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8
Q

5/M with non-restrictive ventricular septal defect later develops cyanosis. What’s your impression?

A

Eisenmengerization

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9
Q

49/F with a history of tuberculous pericarditis presents with easy fatigability, peripheral edema, and distended neck veins. The heart is not enlarged. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Constrictive pericarditis

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10
Q

46/M, left atrial mass. Microscopic sections show stellate or globular cells embedded in a mucopolysaccharide ground substance. What is the diagnosis?

A

Myxoma

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11
Q

Diabetic who complains of easy fatigability and shortness of breath like walking and going up the stairs, no maintenance medications. What would be the most likely cause of death?

A

Myocardial infarction

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12
Q

What are pathophysiologic contributors on the development of an infarct ?

A
  1. Deprivation of blood supply causing rapid damage to neurons.
  2. Partial occlusion of a small vessel in anemic patients.
  3. Availability of different pathways for the blood supply.
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13
Q

Familial hypercholesterolemia is found in a small percentage of people recovering from what disease?

A

Myocardial infarction

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14
Q

Part of the heart most affected in cor pulmonale?

A

Right ventricle

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15
Q

In a case of ischemic heart disease, where would a mural thrombus most likely occur?

A

Left ventricle

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16
Q

Cause of early clinical manifestations of congestive heart failure.

A

Pulmonary congestion

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17
Q

Characteristics of atherosclerotic plaques? (3)

A
  1. Lesions are due to intimal thickening and lipid accumulation
  2. Plaques vary in size but can coalesce to form larger masses.
  3. Atheromatous plaques are white - yellow and encroach on the lumen of the artery.
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18
Q

Which are the common mechanisms in the disease development of myocardial infarction ?

A

Coronary embolization
Coronary plaque fissuring
Intraplaque hemorrhage

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19
Q

Subcellular structure found in macrophages responsible for the accumulation of the hemosiderin pigment in the rust-colored sputum in a patient with congestive heart failure.

A

Lysosome

20
Q

Complications of mitral stenosis. (3)

A
  1. Pulmonary hypertension
  2. Pulmonary congestion
  3. Mural thrombi formation
21
Q

Left to Right Shunts CHDs? (4)

A

ASD
VSD
PFO - Patent Foramen ovale (close 2yrs)
PDA - Patent Ductus Arteriosus ( close 2 days)

Note: All are shunts (bangag)

22
Q

Murmur seen in MVP ?

A

Mild-systolic clicks

23
Q

In RHD along the lines of valve closure are small (1-2mm) vegetations are called?

A

Verrucae

24
Q

In Rheumatic fever, subendocardial lesions can induce irregular thickenings called?

A

MacCallum Plaques

25
Q

In RF distinctive lesions occur in the heart consists of foci T lymphocytes occasionally plasma cells are called?

A

Aschoff bodies

Plump activated macrophages are called Antischkow Cells

26
Q

Macrophages have abundant cytoplasm and central round to ovoid nuclei in which chromatin condenses into a central, slender, wavy ribbon. What disease?

A

Rheumatic Fever : Caterpillar Cells

27
Q

Most common Pathogen in IV drug abusers?

A

S. aureus

28
Q

Most consistent sign of Infective Endocarditis?

A

Fever

29
Q

Most common sites of infection in Infective Endocarditis?

A

Mitral Valve & Aortic Valve

(Valves on the Left )

30
Q

Most common pathogen in a normal healthy patient infected with Acute Infective Endocarditis?

A

S. aureus

31
Q

Most common pathogen in Subacute Infective Endocarditis?

A

S. viridans

32
Q

Prosthetic valve endocarditis is most commonly caused by what pathogen?

A

S. epidermidis

33
Q

Clinical manifestation of long standing Infective endocarditis?

A

Janeway Lesions : Erythematous/ Hemorrhagic nontender lesions on the palms or soles.
Osler nodes: subcutaneous nodules in the pulp of digits
Roth spots : retinal hemorrhages in the eyes

34
Q

Mitral and tricuspid valvulitis with small , sterile vegetations occasionally encountered in SLE?

A

Libman-Sacks Disease - Endocarditis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

35
Q

What disease that has lesions that are small 1-4mm , single, multiple, sterile, pink vegetations with warty / verrucous appearance ?

A

Libman-Sacks Disease - Endocarditis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

36
Q

Disease where for unclear reasons , the left ventricular apex is affected leading to apical ballooning that resembles fishing pot for trapping octopus?

A

Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy

37
Q

A disorder characterized by ARVC and hyperkeratosis of plantar palmar skin?

A

Naxos Syndrome

38
Q

Mobile tumors are seen in what disease where it is termed as wrekking ball causing damages to the valve leaflets?

A

Myxomas

39
Q

ST segment elevation in leads II, III, and aVF represents myocardial infarction in which wall of the heart?

A

Inferior wall

Note:
V1, V2 : Septal wall
V3, V4: Anterior wall
V5, V6: Lateral wall
I, II, aVF : Inferior wall

Imagine the path pa clockwise or pa labas sa heart or swimming strokes both hands: starting from center ( septal ) to front (anterior) to the sides (lateral ) and (down) last is inferior wall.

40
Q

ST segment elevation in V1 , V2 represents myocardial infarction in which wall of the heart?

A

Septal wall

41
Q

ST segment elevation in V3, V4 represents myocardial infarction in which wall of the heart?

A

Anterior Wall

42
Q

ST segment elevation in V5, V6 represents myocardial infarction in which wall of the heart?

A

Lateral wall

43
Q

Angina Caused by atherosclerosis of coronary arteries with >70% stenosis?

A

Stable angina

44
Q

Angina caused by a rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque with thrombosis and incomplete occlusion of a coronary artery.

A

Unstable Angina

45
Q

Prinzmetal angina is caused by what?

A

Coronary artery vasospasm

Pathology (23 decks)

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