Hemodynamic Disorder Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first step in hemostasis?

A

Arteriolar vasoconstriction

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2
Q

A deficiency in Gplb leads to what disease?

A

Bernard-Soulier Syndrome

Note:
Autosomal recessive
Giant platelets , Thrombocytopenia, Prolonged bleeding time.
Absent ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation.
Deficiency: GPIb , IX, V Complex
Homozygous mutations: GP1BA, GP1BB, GP9

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3
Q

What pathologic liver finding is characterized by centrilobular regions that are grossly red-brown and slightly depressed contrasted with the normal tan surface?

A

Nutmeg liver

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4
Q

What disease is characterized by ischemia of the femoral head, tibia, and humerus due to formation of gas bubbles in the blood?

A

Caisson disease

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5
Q

Which two characteristics differentiate antemortem from post mortem thrombosis?

A
  1. Attachment to vessel wall ( ante : yes, post: no)
  2. Presence of lines of Zahn ( ante: yes, post: no)

Lines of Zahn: characteristic of thrombi , with lighter layers of platelets and fibrin , and darker layers of RBCs.

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6
Q

Accumulation of fluid in tissues or body cavities?

A

Edema - tissues , Effusion - body cavities

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7
Q

Increased blood volume within tissues.

A

Hyperemia and Congestion

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8
Q

Pathologic counterpart of hemostasis?

A

Thrombosis

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9
Q

A detached intravascular solid, liquid, or gaseous mass that is carried by the blood from its point of origin to a distant site, where it often causes tissue dysfunction or infarction.

A

Embolus

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10
Q

Area of ischemic necrosis caused by occlusion of either the arterial supply or the venous drainage.

A

Infarct

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11
Q

State in which diminished cardiac output or reduced effective circulating blood volume impairs tissue perfusion and leads to cellular hypoxia.

A

Shock

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12
Q

Four mechanism of edema?

A
  1. Increased hydrostatic pressure
  2. Decreased oncotic pressure
  3. Increased vascular permeability
  4. Lymphatic obstruction
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13
Q

General morphologic appearance of edema? (2)

A
  1. Clearing and separation of ECM
  2. Subtle cell swelling
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14
Q

It is an active process resulting from augmented blood flow due to arteriolar dilation or increased oxygen demand ; affected tissue is redder than normal because of engorgement with oxygenated blood.

A

Hyperemia

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15
Q

It is a passive process resulting from impaired venous return out of a tissue, tissue has a blue red color due to accumulation of deoxygenated blood in the affected tissue.

A

Congestion

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16
Q

Components of Virchow triad ( abnormalities that lead to thrombus formation).

A

Endothelial injury, Stasis , Hypercoagulability

17
Q

It is a major contributor development of arterial thrombi.

A

Turbulence or Endothelial Injury ( arterial)

18
Q

It is a major contributor development of venous thrombi?

A

Stasis ( venous)

19
Q

Any alteration of the coagulation pathway that predisposes to thrombosis; can be
Primary eg. Factor V Leiden , Protein C & S deficiency or
Secondary eg. Cancer, Atrial fibrillation, and prolonged immobilization.

A

Hypercoagulability

20
Q

Laminations composed of pale platelet and fibrin deposits alternating with darker red cell-riched layers; signify formation of thrombus in flowing blood ; present in antemortem thrombosis.

A

Lines of Zahn

21
Q

Most common site of arterial thrombosis?

A

Coronary > Cerebral > Femoral

22
Q

Most common site of venous thrombosis?

A

Superficial or Deep Veins of the leg

Note: thrombi in superficial leg veins rarely embolize , while thrombi in deep veins are the most common sources of venous emboli.

23
Q

Most common and most dreaded sequela of deep venous thrombosis.

A

Pulmonary embolism

24
Q

Embolus occluding the bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk, associated with sudden death due to acute right sided heart failure.

A

Saddle embolus

25
Q

65/F known case of DVT , came from a 17 hour flight developed respiratory distress with right ventricular wall dysfunction on 2D echo. What is the diagnosis?

A

Pulmonary embolism