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175.205 Brain and Behaviour > Multi-choice > Flashcards

Multi-choice Flashcards

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1
Q

which of the following is a functional explanation for why bird sings?

A

Birds sing to defend territories and to attract males

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2
Q

Statement A: small charged molecules cannot cross the cell membrane by simple diffusion.
Statement B: the greater the amount of dendritic branching on a neuron, the lower its threshold of firing

A

Statement A is true; statement B is false

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3
Q

_____ are glia that help synchronise axonal activity

A

Astrocytes

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4
Q

Which of the following is impossible in the mammalian central nervous system

A

As a stimulus grows stronger, associated sensory neurons produce stronger action potentials.

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5
Q

if a neuron has a spontaneous firing rate

A

IPSPs and EPSPs modify the frequency of its action potentials.

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6
Q

The presence of an all-or-none law suggests that neurone can only convey different messages by changing their:

A

rate of action potentials

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7
Q

which of the following is not a catecholamine?

A

Serotonin

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8
Q

the effect of Ritalin (methylphenidate) on the synapse is most similar to that of:

A

cocaine

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9
Q

the ability of cannabinoids to reduce nausea is most likely mediated by_____

A

serotonin

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10
Q

StatementA: the Amygdala plays a major role in hormone secretion.
StatementB: Damage to the parietal lobe tends to create problems with locating objects in space

A

Statement A is false, Statement B is true

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11
Q

If I wanted to locate the hippocampus, it would be best to start looking

A

ventral posterior to the amygdala

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12
Q

The sympathetic nervous system consists of two paired chains of ______ lying just to the right and left of the spinal cord on the latter’s _______ region

A

ganglia; thoracic and lumbar.

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13
Q

Compared to neurons in the other cortical areas, prefrontal cortex neurone tend to

A

have more dendritic spines

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14
Q

Statement A: a lesion is damaged to the brain tissue whereas an ablation is the removal of brain tissue
Statement B: Brain evoked potentials are usually studied using fMRI

A

Statement A is true; statement B is false

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15
Q

a defected limb

A

has lost its sensory input, AND

can be used when the animal concerned has no other choice

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16
Q

Various types of____cells refine the input to ganglion cells enabling the latter to respond specifically to shapes, movement, and other visual features

A

amacrine

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17
Q

The lateral geniculate nucleus is part of the

A

thalamus

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18
Q

Which of the following areas has the greatest preferential sensitivity to complex visual stimuli, such as faces

A

inferior temporal cortex

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19
Q

Damage to the magnocellular pathway would likely lead to the loss of

A

motion perception

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20
Q

The receptor cells of the auditory system are:

A

directly attached to the basilar membrane AND

located in the cochlea

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21
Q

________ frequency sounds cause maximum displacement of the basilar membrane at its_______

A

High; base AND Low; apex

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22
Q

Which two structures provide information about vestibular sensation?

A

Cochlea and otolith organs

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23
Q

A low level of pain causes the release of_____, whereas more intense pain also releases______

A

glutamine; substance P

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24
Q

The finger-to-nose test is conducted when damage to the ______ is suspected

A

cerebellum

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25
Q

Statement A: Extensive damage to the globes pallid us results in involuntary jerky movements
Statement B: The supplementary motor cortex is essential for inhibiting a habitual action when another action is required.

A

Both statements are true

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26
Q

Which of the following is a symptom of Parkinson’s disease

A

Inability to initiate spontaneous movement when there is no stimulus to guide actions, AND Depression, AND Slowness of movement

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27
Q

Which is the usual age range for the onset of huntington’s disease?

A

30 to 50 years of age

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28
Q

A key area of the ______ important for regulating the biological clock is ______

A

Hypothalamus; suprachiasmatic nucleus

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29
Q

The ______ tract links the suprachiasmatic nucleus to special retinal ______ cells that are directly responsive to light

A

retinohyothalamic; ganglion

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30
Q

The pontomesencephalon is part of the reticular formation

A

True

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31
Q

Mice that lack orexin have trouble

A

sating awake during their active phase (night).

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32
Q

Some set points vary considerably over time, responding to changes in the environment. This adaptability is known as

A

allostasis

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33
Q

Cells in the _______ of the hypothalamus monitor _______ temperature

A

Preoptic area; their own and skin

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34
Q

The left hemisphere appears more responsive to emotional stimuli than the right

A

False

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35
Q

Depression is linked to ______ serotonin activity and aggressive behaviour is linked to ______ serotonin activity

A

low;low

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36
Q

Statement A: a person who has developed a tolerance for alcohol is likely to show cross-tolerance for amphetamine
Statement B: Endozpines decrease anxiety

A

both statements are false

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37
Q

PTSD victims tend to have a ____ Hippocampus and ________ cortisol levels compared to normal people

A

smaller; lower

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38
Q

One would most accurately describe H.M.’s memory problems as the inability to form

A

new declarative memories

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39
Q

most Korsakoff’s patients have a loss or shrinkage of neurone throughout the brain, but especially in the

A

dorsomedial thalamus

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40
Q

someone with a mild to moderate level os alzheimer’s disease would be most likely to remember

A

how to drive a car

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41
Q

the most enduring form of LTP depends on the changes in the

A

pre- and postsynaptic neurones

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42
Q

the right hemisphere of the human brain receives visual input from the

A

the right half of each retina

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43
Q

Characteristics of the brain of people with Williams syndrome is

A

decreased grey matter, especially in areas relating to visual processing.

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44
Q

which of the following could Alex the parrot do?

A

form concepts AND count AND name colours

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45
Q

electrconvulsive therapy (ECT) increases the proliferation of new neurone in the

A

hippocampus

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46
Q

Statement A: tricyclic drugs block the reuptake of all catecholamines except for norepinephrine
Statement B: antidepressant drugs don’t have their effects on snaps for about two weeks

A

both statements are false

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47
Q

the age of schizophrenia is

A

usually earlier foemen than women.

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48
Q

Schizophrenia is a complex disorder in which both ______ play a role

A

glutamine and dopamine

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49
Q

Emotional control does not fully develop until people reach their late teens because it takes that long for the frontal lobes to full mature. This is a (n)______ explanation

A

ontogenetic

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50
Q

If a person inherit one gene for blue from one parent and one for brown eyes from the other, that person will be brown-eyed

A

True

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51
Q

Humans have _____ pairs of chromosomes all of which with the exception of oner are _______.

A

23; autosomal

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52
Q

statement A: Small charged molecules cannot cross the cell membrane by simple diffusion
Statement B: the greater the amount of dendritic on a neuron the lower the threshold of firing

A

Statement A is true, Statement B is false

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53
Q

When a neuron is at rest, hat is responsible for moving potassium ions out of the cell?

A

the concentration gradient

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54
Q

which two factors taken together will affect the spread of the action potential

A

the presence of myelin and the diameter of the axon

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55
Q

If an axon is electrically stimulate at its middle, any resulting nerve impluse

A

will cancel out

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56
Q

Potassium channels are voltage-activiated
At the peace of an action potential potassium ions are driven out of the cell by the concentration gradient but not the electrical gradient
The sodium-potassium pump draws sodium ions into the cell and expels potassium ions

A

False

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57
Q

which two factors taken together will affect the speed of the action potential?

A

the presence of the myelin and the diameter of the axon

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58
Q

if an axon is electrically stimulated at its middle, any resulting nerve impulse

A

wail travel in both directions, towards the end bulb and towards the axon hillock.

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59
Q

Statement A: graded potentials are all depolarisations

Statement B: the temporal summation of three or more EPSPs will always be sufficient to get a nerve impulse started

A

False

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60
Q

why do dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine share in common?

A

They are all synthesised from the same amino acids

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61
Q

The most abundant _________ transmitter in the vertebrate brain is glutamate, which has _______ effects at most of its synapses

A

excitatory; iontropic

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62
Q

Opiates agonise ________ receptors in the brain whereas hallucinogens stimulate a type of _______ receptors

A

endorphin; serotonin

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63
Q

Type _________ alcoholism has a slow onset and a relatively _________ genetic basis

A

2; weak

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64
Q

the Bell-Magendie law states that _______ information is handled by the _______ spinal cord.

A

sensory; dorsel

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65
Q

The reticular formation and the rap he system are contained in the

A

pons and medulla

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66
Q

the basal ganglia are _______ to the lateral ventricles and _______ to the anterior commissure

A

Laterial; dorsal

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67
Q

all cells in a given column in the cerebra cortex

A

are involved in the am function

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68
Q

Evoked potentials in the brain are most likely to be detected by a (n)

A

EEG

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69
Q

Statement A: ischemic strokes are more common than hemorrhagic strokes
Statement B: collateral sprouting is not always beneficial

A

both statements are true

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70
Q

Collateral sprouting partially explains whys person with a phantom arm feels stroking on it when her face is stroked
A deafferented limb has lost its sensory input

A

True

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71
Q

Retinal cells furthest away grin the incoming light are

A

rods and cones

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72
Q

Statement A: the gene causing colour vision deficient is on chromosome 6
Statement B: lateral inhibition increases the brightness of an object

A

Both statement are false

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73
Q

the optic nerve sends most of its information directly to the ______, part of the _______

A

lateral geniculate; thalamus

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74
Q

The ______, part of the _______, is involved in face recognition

A

fusiform gyrus, inferior temporal cortex

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75
Q

Vibrations of the fluid in the ______ displace hair cell, the latter responding to the vibrations in __________

A

Cochlea; Microseconds

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76
Q

Nerve deafness, otherwise known as ___, can produce ____

A

inner ear deafness, tinnitus

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77
Q

Pacinian corpuscles respond best to

A

high frequency vibrations

78
Q

The cerebellum plays a major role in which of the following two functions?

A

attention and timing

79
Q

The brain of Parkinson’s disease patients may compensate for dopamine loss by

A

activating more postsynaptic receptors

80
Q

The abnormal protein inHuntington’s disease is called _______, usually found ______ neurons

A

huntingtin; inside

81
Q

Statement A: Core body temperature reaches its daily low about six hours after sleep onset
Statement B: Most people find it easier to adjust their clocks when they fly across time zones rom east to west

A

Statement A is false, Statement B is true

82
Q

The ______ path to the suprachiasmatic nucleus comes from specialised ganglion cells tat produce a photopigment called _______

A

retinohypthalamic; melanopsin

83
Q

Aside from problems with failing to breathe at times during the night, people with sleep apnea are also found to have

A

fewer than the normal number of neurone in certain brain areas

84
Q

Sleep spindles, occurring mostly during ____ sleep, _____ in number after new learning

A

Stage 2; increase

85
Q

Two closely relate areas that monitor body temperature are the

A

anterior hypothalamus and the pre optic area

86
Q

which of the following is characterised by extreme physiological arousal

A

panic attack

87
Q

The left hemisphere is more responsive to emotional stimuli than the right

A

False

88
Q

Increased fear, anxiety, or panic is related in increased activity of _______ and decrease of _________

A

CCK; GABA

89
Q

Statement A: natural killer cells are a primary cause of autoimmune disease
Statement B: a leukocyte is a white blood cell

A

Statement A is false, statement B is true

90
Q

which area of a monkey’s brain has to be intact for it to successfully perform in a delayed non matching-to-sample task?

A

the hippocampus

91
Q

The ____ is especially important for ________ memory

A

Hippocampus; spatial and episodic

92
Q

Korsakoff’s syndrome is a disorder most often associated with damage to the

A

anterior thalamus and mammillary bodies

93
Q

At many hippocampal synapses long-term potentiation depends on the activation of _______ receptors responding to _______

A

NMDA, glutamate

94
Q

Total destruction of one of the branches of the nerve after it has crossed the optic chasm would result in the loss of vision in the

A

Contralateral visual field

95
Q

Statement A: Change blindness is the inability to consistently attend to an image as it is alternately exposed to each eye
Statement B The degree of spatial neglect is dependant upon which part of the parietal lobe has been damaged

A

Statement A is false, statement B is true

96
Q

you are a psychiatrist dealing with a severely depressed, probably suicidal, patient. Wanting a fast acting treatment, you would most limey recommend

A

electroconvulsive therapy

97
Q

Tricyclic drugs work by

A

preventing the presynaptic cell from reabsorbing catecholamines

98
Q

Which of the following has the least heritability?

A

Late onset Parkinson’s disease

99
Q

Which type of behaviour describes how a structure or behaviour develops

A

Ontogenetic

100
Q

It could be argued that the fright you experience when confronted by a burglar is a the some thing as the pattern of activity in your brain at that time. What form of monism is this?

A

Identity position

101
Q

Statement A: The X chromosome has genes for about 27 proteins
Statement B: Males are more likely than females to exhibit colour vision deficiency because of a gene that is sex-limited

A

both statements are false

102
Q

Astrocytes synchronise the activity of associated neurons

A

True

103
Q

_______ the membrane permeability to ______ would depolarise the neuron

A

Increasing; Sodium ions

104
Q

Local neuron graded potentials are not subject to the all-or-none law

A

True

105
Q

Statement A: the duration of the refractory period dos not affect a neuron’s firing rate
Statement B: The relative period precedes the absolute refractory period

A

Both statements are false

106
Q

When a neuron’s membrane is t rest, the concentration gradient tends to move sodium _______ to cell and the electrical gradient tends to move it ______ the cell

A

into; into

107
Q

Which of the following is true about EPSPs

A

The decay over time and space

108
Q

After a meal rich in tryptophan, which neurotransmitter level would increase the most?

A

serotonin

109
Q

metabotropic effects

A

are generally slower than ionotropic effects

110
Q

________ is released by the ________

A

Cortisol; adrenal gland

111
Q

One reason why a drug can produce different effect, including different side effects, in different people is that

A

the proportion of different receptor types varies among people

112
Q

In the parasympathetic nervous system, the preganglionic fibres are ________, and the postganglionic fibres are ________.

A

Long; short

113
Q

Statement A: A CT scan is based on multiple X-rays

Statement B: An ablation involves the complete removal of a brain area

A

Both statements are true

114
Q

The basal ganglia are a cluster of related areas in the brain. Technically, a more correct name for these areas would be the basal

A

nuclei

115
Q

Reflexive changes in heart rate and breathing, when you are exercising, for example, are regulated by the

A

medulla

116
Q

Damage due to an ischemic stroke can be minimised by administering a drug which

A

breaks up blood clots

117
Q

Collateral sprouting

A

is an everyday occurrence that helps maintain normal brain function

118
Q

Prolonged practice with a violin from an early age

A

increases the growth in the somatosensory cortex

119
Q

_________ cells near the fovea in primates are called _________ cells

A

Ganglion; midget ganglion

120
Q

Statement A: Chemicals that release energy when struck by light are called photopigments
Statement B: in each retina row outnumber cones 120:1

A

Statement A is true, statement B is false

121
Q

Small receptive fields are to ________ cells as large receptive fields are to __________ cells

A

Parvocellular; magncellular

122
Q

At the level of the rods and cones the _________ theory of colour vision fits best, whereas at the level of the bipolar cells the _________ theory fits best

A

Trichromatic; opponent process

123
Q

The receipt cells of the auditory system are

A

attached to the basilar membrane

124
Q

To what kind of tomes do the cells of the primary auditory cortex respond best?

A

Patterns of tones

125
Q

Statement A: Motor responses to pain occur at the same speed as motor responses to a simple touch
Statement B: Like the opiates, cannabinoids relieve pain by blocking pain receptors in the central nervous system

A

Both statements are false

126
Q

If I wanted to study parallel fibres and Purkinje cells I should look for them in the

A

cerebellar cortex

127
Q

The posterior parietal cortex

A

keeps track of the position of the body relative to the work

128
Q

Which of the following is a major imitation in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease with L-Dopa?

A

It loses much of its effectiveness in the late stages of the disease.

129
Q

What happens if people in an environment in which the cycle of light and dark is other than 24hours?

A

People generally adjust better if the new cycle is close to 24 hours (e.g. 25)

130
Q

The suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

has a direct link with the optic nerve

131
Q

cells in the basal forebrain increase arousal and wakefulness by releasing

A

acetycholine

132
Q

Statement A: when we are at rest, almost two thirds of the energy we produce is used to keep our body temperature constant
Statement B: A constant flow of blood through the anterior pituitary gland is critical for controlling body temperature

A

Statement A is true, statement B is false

133
Q

In response to infection, leukocytes release proteins called

A

cytokines

134
Q

Approach and avoidance responses are modified by output from the amygdala to the

A

prefrontal cortex

135
Q

Benzodiazepine tranquillisers affect GABA synapses by

A

facilitating the binding of GABA to thee receptors

136
Q

Statement A: a surprising feature of people with PTSD is that, on average they have a lower than normal cortisol levels
Statement B: a chronically high level of cortisol is harmful because it causes the death of natural killer cells

A

Statement A is true, statement B is false

137
Q

A conditional eye blink in a rabbit can be eliminated by suppressing activity in small nucleus in the

A

cerebellum

138
Q

Statement A: Long-term depression (LTD) occurs when a group of axons has been relatively under stimulated compared to others in their vicinity
Statement B: A synapse that increases its effectiveness when there is simultaneous activity in both pre- and post-synaptic neurone is called a Hebbian synapse

A

both statements are true

139
Q

One treatment for Alzheimer’s disease is to give a drug that stimulates

A

acetylcholine receptors

140
Q

Total destruction of one of the two beaches of the optic nerve after it has crossed the optic chasm would result in the loss of vision in the

A

contralateral visual field

141
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia is also known as __________ aphasia

A

fluent

142
Q

Electroconvulsive therapy increases the proliferation of new neurone in the

A

hippocampus

143
Q

A side effect of some anti-psychotic drugs is that they block dopamine receptors in the ________ causing ______

A

mesostriatal system; tardive dyekinesia

144
Q

Most depressed people show ______ activity in the _______ prefrontal cortex

A

decreased; left

145
Q

typical antipsychotics are more effective than typical antipsychotics in

A

reducing negative symptoms

146
Q

Explaining differences in running speed as a function of different muscle fibre types is an example of a(n) ________ explanation

A

Physiological

147
Q

Most mutation produce

A

Recessive genes

148
Q

Invertebrate axons are ____________

A

unmyelinated

149
Q

what type of glial cell myelinated axons in the spinal cord: Radial glia, schwann cells, or astroglia?

A

none of the above

150
Q

The net effect of each cycle of the sodium-potassium pump is to

A

decrease the number of positively charged ions within the cell

151
Q

Statement A: the absolute refractory period precedes the relative refractory period in time
Statement B: the duration of the refractory period has no effect on a neurone’s firing rate

A

Statement A is true, statement B is false

152
Q

if a neuron has a spontaneous firing rate

A

IPSPs and EPSPs modify the frequency of its action potentials

153
Q

when a neurotransmitter selectively opens chloride gates in the postsynaptic membrane

A

chloride ions enter the neuron causing an IPSP

154
Q

activation of auto receptors tends to

A

decrease further neurotransmitter releases

155
Q

in general, a single neuron releases ______ neurotransmitter(s), and can respond ______ neurotransmitter(s)

A

two or more; many

156
Q

Endogenous cannabinoids act to

A

decreases neurotransmitter release from presynaptic neurons

157
Q

The Bell-Magendie law states that ______ information is handled by the ______ spinal cord

A

sensory; dorsal

158
Q

Statement A: most sensory information entering the mammalian brain goes first to the hypothalamus and then to the thalamus
Statement B: the main neurotransmitter released by nucleus basal is neurone is acetylcholine

A

Statement A is false, statement B is true

159
Q

TH e raphe system _______the brain’s readiness to respond to stimuli, and sends axons to the ______

A

increases; forebrain

160
Q

on average, women have a greater density of neurones in the temporal lobe compared to men

A

True

161
Q

Both ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes impair ______, resulting in an accumulation of sodium ions ______ neurons

A

the sodium-potassium pump; inside

162
Q

One way of relieving phantom limb pain is to

A

have the amputee to use an artificial limb

163
Q

Statement A: Ganglion cells are the retinal cells closest to the incoming light
Statement B: the visual pathway in the temporal cortex are collectively known as the ventral stream

A

both statements are true

164
Q

At the level of the rods and cones the ______ theory fits best, whereas at the level of the bipolar cells the _______ theory fits best

A

Trichromatic; opponent precess

165
Q

the enchantment of contrast at the edge of an object is primarily due to lateral inhibition by the

A

horizontal cells

166
Q

a person with visual agnosia is unable to

A

recognise visual objects

167
Q

basilar membrane is stiffest at its ______ where ______ frequency sounds excite hair cells

A

base; high

168
Q

humans localise low frequency sounds by detecting differences in______ at the two ears, and high frequency sounds by ______ differences

A

phase; intensity

169
Q

a dermatome

A

an area of skin innervated by a given spinal nerve

170
Q

Statement A: morphine helps control sharp cutting pain but not dull aching pain
Statement B: the endorphin-releasing periaqueductal gray area is in the pre-frontal cortex

A

both statements are false

171
Q

The motor cortex produces a kind of activity called a(n) _____ before voluntary movement

A

readiness potential

172
Q

the basal ganglia lie in the ______, and its main output pathways go to the ______

A

subcortical forebrain; thalamus

173
Q

the _______ path to the suprachiasmatic nucleus comes from specialised ganglion cells that produce a photopigment called _______

A

retinohypothalamic; melanopsin

174
Q

_______ synchronisation of firing among neurone causes EEG waves to grow ________

A

increased; larger

175
Q

which are more common in NREM sleep than in REM

A

sleep walking AND night terrors

176
Q

Statement A: Dreams begin with bursts of spontaneous firing cells
Statement B: Sleep spindles show up a EEG waves of about 12-14 Hz

A

both statements are true

177
Q

Humans expend most of their energy on

A

basal metabolism

178
Q

the set point for body temperature varies across the day

A

true

179
Q

Damage to the insular cortex results in a diminished ability to experience and recognise

A

disgust

180
Q

Benzodiazepines relieve anxiety by _____ transmission at ______ synapses

A

facilitating; GABA

181
Q

Most Korsakoff’s syndrome victims have a loss or shrinkage of neurone throughout the brain, but especially in the

A

dorsomedial thalamus

182
Q

at many hippocampal synapses, long term potentiation depends on the activation of _____ receptors responding to ________

A

NMDA; glutamate

183
Q

The left hemisphere of the brain receives visual input from the

A

left side half of each retina

184
Q

A split-brain patient who sees an object in her left visual field can point to it with her

A

left hand but can not call out its name

185
Q

As well as reading difficulties, people with dyslexia have

A

attentional difficulties

186
Q

Statement A: Most people with clinical depression have increased activity in the left prefrontal cortex and decreased activity in the right
Statement B: The benefits of antidepressant drugs (relative to placebos) are greater for people with severe as compared to mild depression

A

Statement A is false, statement B is true

187
Q

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) increases the proliferation of new neurone in the

A

hippocampus

188
Q

alternating personalities

A

is not a characteristic of schizophrenia

189
Q

One side effect of some anti-psychotic drugs is that they block dopamine receptors in the ______ causing ______

A

Mesostriatal system; tardive dyskinesia

190
Q

Why did the girl fall of the swing?

A

because she had no arms

175.205 Brain and Behaviour (81 decks)

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