Multi-choice Flashcards
which of the following is a functional explanation for why bird sings?
Birds sing to defend territories and to attract males
Statement A: small charged molecules cannot cross the cell membrane by simple diffusion.
Statement B: the greater the amount of dendritic branching on a neuron, the lower its threshold of firing
Statement A is true; statement B is false
_____ are glia that help synchronise axonal activity
Astrocytes
Which of the following is impossible in the mammalian central nervous system
As a stimulus grows stronger, associated sensory neurons produce stronger action potentials.
if a neuron has a spontaneous firing rate
IPSPs and EPSPs modify the frequency of its action potentials.
The presence of an all-or-none law suggests that neurone can only convey different messages by changing their:
rate of action potentials
which of the following is not a catecholamine?
Serotonin
the effect of Ritalin (methylphenidate) on the synapse is most similar to that of:
cocaine
the ability of cannabinoids to reduce nausea is most likely mediated by_____
serotonin
StatementA: the Amygdala plays a major role in hormone secretion.
StatementB: Damage to the parietal lobe tends to create problems with locating objects in space
Statement A is false, Statement B is true
If I wanted to locate the hippocampus, it would be best to start looking
ventral posterior to the amygdala
The sympathetic nervous system consists of two paired chains of ______ lying just to the right and left of the spinal cord on the latter’s _______ region
ganglia; thoracic and lumbar.
Compared to neurons in the other cortical areas, prefrontal cortex neurone tend to
have more dendritic spines
Statement A: a lesion is damaged to the brain tissue whereas an ablation is the removal of brain tissue
Statement B: Brain evoked potentials are usually studied using fMRI
Statement A is true; statement B is false
a defected limb
has lost its sensory input, AND
can be used when the animal concerned has no other choice
Various types of____cells refine the input to ganglion cells enabling the latter to respond specifically to shapes, movement, and other visual features
amacrine
The lateral geniculate nucleus is part of the
thalamus
Which of the following areas has the greatest preferential sensitivity to complex visual stimuli, such as faces
inferior temporal cortex
Damage to the magnocellular pathway would likely lead to the loss of
motion perception
The receptor cells of the auditory system are:
directly attached to the basilar membrane AND
located in the cochlea
________ frequency sounds cause maximum displacement of the basilar membrane at its_______
High; base AND Low; apex
Which two structures provide information about vestibular sensation?
Cochlea and otolith organs
A low level of pain causes the release of_____, whereas more intense pain also releases______
glutamine; substance P
The finger-to-nose test is conducted when damage to the ______ is suspected
cerebellum
Statement A: Extensive damage to the globes pallid us results in involuntary jerky movements
Statement B: The supplementary motor cortex is essential for inhibiting a habitual action when another action is required.
Both statements are true
Which of the following is a symptom of Parkinson’s disease
Inability to initiate spontaneous movement when there is no stimulus to guide actions, AND Depression, AND Slowness of movement
Which is the usual age range for the onset of huntington’s disease?
30 to 50 years of age
A key area of the ______ important for regulating the biological clock is ______
Hypothalamus; suprachiasmatic nucleus
The ______ tract links the suprachiasmatic nucleus to special retinal ______ cells that are directly responsive to light
retinohyothalamic; ganglion
The pontomesencephalon is part of the reticular formation
True
Mice that lack orexin have trouble
sating awake during their active phase (night).
Some set points vary considerably over time, responding to changes in the environment. This adaptability is known as
allostasis
Cells in the _______ of the hypothalamus monitor _______ temperature
Preoptic area; their own and skin
The left hemisphere appears more responsive to emotional stimuli than the right
False
Depression is linked to ______ serotonin activity and aggressive behaviour is linked to ______ serotonin activity
low;low
Statement A: a person who has developed a tolerance for alcohol is likely to show cross-tolerance for amphetamine
Statement B: Endozpines decrease anxiety
both statements are false
PTSD victims tend to have a ____ Hippocampus and ________ cortisol levels compared to normal people
smaller; lower
One would most accurately describe H.M.’s memory problems as the inability to form
new declarative memories
most Korsakoff’s patients have a loss or shrinkage of neurone throughout the brain, but especially in the
dorsomedial thalamus
someone with a mild to moderate level os alzheimer’s disease would be most likely to remember
how to drive a car
the most enduring form of LTP depends on the changes in the
pre- and postsynaptic neurones
the right hemisphere of the human brain receives visual input from the
the right half of each retina
Characteristics of the brain of people with Williams syndrome is
decreased grey matter, especially in areas relating to visual processing.
which of the following could Alex the parrot do?
form concepts AND count AND name colours
electrconvulsive therapy (ECT) increases the proliferation of new neurone in the
hippocampus
Statement A: tricyclic drugs block the reuptake of all catecholamines except for norepinephrine
Statement B: antidepressant drugs don’t have their effects on snaps for about two weeks
both statements are false
the age of schizophrenia is
usually earlier foemen than women.
Schizophrenia is a complex disorder in which both ______ play a role
glutamine and dopamine
Emotional control does not fully develop until people reach their late teens because it takes that long for the frontal lobes to full mature. This is a (n)______ explanation
ontogenetic
If a person inherit one gene for blue from one parent and one for brown eyes from the other, that person will be brown-eyed
True
Humans have _____ pairs of chromosomes all of which with the exception of oner are _______.
23; autosomal
statement A: Small charged molecules cannot cross the cell membrane by simple diffusion
Statement B: the greater the amount of dendritic on a neuron the lower the threshold of firing
Statement A is true, Statement B is false
When a neuron is at rest, hat is responsible for moving potassium ions out of the cell?
the concentration gradient
which two factors taken together will affect the spread of the action potential
the presence of myelin and the diameter of the axon
If an axon is electrically stimulate at its middle, any resulting nerve impluse
will cancel out
Potassium channels are voltage-activiated
At the peace of an action potential potassium ions are driven out of the cell by the concentration gradient but not the electrical gradient
The sodium-potassium pump draws sodium ions into the cell and expels potassium ions
False
which two factors taken together will affect the speed of the action potential?
the presence of the myelin and the diameter of the axon
if an axon is electrically stimulated at its middle, any resulting nerve impulse
wail travel in both directions, towards the end bulb and towards the axon hillock.
Statement A: graded potentials are all depolarisations
Statement B: the temporal summation of three or more EPSPs will always be sufficient to get a nerve impulse started
False
why do dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine share in common?
They are all synthesised from the same amino acids
The most abundant _________ transmitter in the vertebrate brain is glutamate, which has _______ effects at most of its synapses
excitatory; iontropic
Opiates agonise ________ receptors in the brain whereas hallucinogens stimulate a type of _______ receptors
endorphin; serotonin
Type _________ alcoholism has a slow onset and a relatively _________ genetic basis
2; weak
the Bell-Magendie law states that _______ information is handled by the _______ spinal cord.
sensory; dorsel
The reticular formation and the rap he system are contained in the
pons and medulla
the basal ganglia are _______ to the lateral ventricles and _______ to the anterior commissure
Laterial; dorsal
all cells in a given column in the cerebra cortex
are involved in the am function
Evoked potentials in the brain are most likely to be detected by a (n)
EEG
Statement A: ischemic strokes are more common than hemorrhagic strokes
Statement B: collateral sprouting is not always beneficial
both statements are true
Collateral sprouting partially explains whys person with a phantom arm feels stroking on it when her face is stroked
A deafferented limb has lost its sensory input
True
Retinal cells furthest away grin the incoming light are
rods and cones
Statement A: the gene causing colour vision deficient is on chromosome 6
Statement B: lateral inhibition increases the brightness of an object
Both statement are false
the optic nerve sends most of its information directly to the ______, part of the _______
lateral geniculate; thalamus
The ______, part of the _______, is involved in face recognition
fusiform gyrus, inferior temporal cortex
Vibrations of the fluid in the ______ displace hair cell, the latter responding to the vibrations in __________
Cochlea; Microseconds
Nerve deafness, otherwise known as ___, can produce ____
inner ear deafness, tinnitus
Pacinian corpuscles respond best to
high frequency vibrations
The cerebellum plays a major role in which of the following two functions?
attention and timing
The brain of Parkinson’s disease patients may compensate for dopamine loss by
activating more postsynaptic receptors
The abnormal protein inHuntington’s disease is called _______, usually found ______ neurons
huntingtin; inside
Statement A: Core body temperature reaches its daily low about six hours after sleep onset
Statement B: Most people find it easier to adjust their clocks when they fly across time zones rom east to west
Statement A is false, Statement B is true
The ______ path to the suprachiasmatic nucleus comes from specialised ganglion cells tat produce a photopigment called _______
retinohypthalamic; melanopsin
Aside from problems with failing to breathe at times during the night, people with sleep apnea are also found to have
fewer than the normal number of neurone in certain brain areas
Sleep spindles, occurring mostly during ____ sleep, _____ in number after new learning
Stage 2; increase
Two closely relate areas that monitor body temperature are the
anterior hypothalamus and the pre optic area
which of the following is characterised by extreme physiological arousal
panic attack
The left hemisphere is more responsive to emotional stimuli than the right
False
Increased fear, anxiety, or panic is related in increased activity of _______ and decrease of _________
CCK; GABA
Statement A: natural killer cells are a primary cause of autoimmune disease
Statement B: a leukocyte is a white blood cell
Statement A is false, statement B is true
which area of a monkey’s brain has to be intact for it to successfully perform in a delayed non matching-to-sample task?
the hippocampus
The ____ is especially important for ________ memory
Hippocampus; spatial and episodic
Korsakoff’s syndrome is a disorder most often associated with damage to the
anterior thalamus and mammillary bodies
At many hippocampal synapses long-term potentiation depends on the activation of _______ receptors responding to _______
NMDA, glutamate
Total destruction of one of the branches of the nerve after it has crossed the optic chasm would result in the loss of vision in the
Contralateral visual field
Statement A: Change blindness is the inability to consistently attend to an image as it is alternately exposed to each eye
Statement B The degree of spatial neglect is dependant upon which part of the parietal lobe has been damaged
Statement A is false, statement B is true
you are a psychiatrist dealing with a severely depressed, probably suicidal, patient. Wanting a fast acting treatment, you would most limey recommend
electroconvulsive therapy
Tricyclic drugs work by
preventing the presynaptic cell from reabsorbing catecholamines
Which of the following has the least heritability?
Late onset Parkinson’s disease
Which type of behaviour describes how a structure or behaviour develops
Ontogenetic
It could be argued that the fright you experience when confronted by a burglar is a the some thing as the pattern of activity in your brain at that time. What form of monism is this?
Identity position
Statement A: The X chromosome has genes for about 27 proteins
Statement B: Males are more likely than females to exhibit colour vision deficiency because of a gene that is sex-limited
both statements are false
Astrocytes synchronise the activity of associated neurons
True
_______ the membrane permeability to ______ would depolarise the neuron
Increasing; Sodium ions
Local neuron graded potentials are not subject to the all-or-none law
True
Statement A: the duration of the refractory period dos not affect a neuron’s firing rate
Statement B: The relative period precedes the absolute refractory period
Both statements are false
When a neuron’s membrane is t rest, the concentration gradient tends to move sodium _______ to cell and the electrical gradient tends to move it ______ the cell
into; into
Which of the following is true about EPSPs
The decay over time and space
After a meal rich in tryptophan, which neurotransmitter level would increase the most?
serotonin
metabotropic effects
are generally slower than ionotropic effects
________ is released by the ________
Cortisol; adrenal gland
One reason why a drug can produce different effect, including different side effects, in different people is that
the proportion of different receptor types varies among people
In the parasympathetic nervous system, the preganglionic fibres are ________, and the postganglionic fibres are ________.
Long; short
Statement A: A CT scan is based on multiple X-rays
Statement B: An ablation involves the complete removal of a brain area
Both statements are true
The basal ganglia are a cluster of related areas in the brain. Technically, a more correct name for these areas would be the basal
nuclei
Reflexive changes in heart rate and breathing, when you are exercising, for example, are regulated by the
medulla
Damage due to an ischemic stroke can be minimised by administering a drug which
breaks up blood clots
Collateral sprouting
is an everyday occurrence that helps maintain normal brain function
Prolonged practice with a violin from an early age
increases the growth in the somatosensory cortex
_________ cells near the fovea in primates are called _________ cells
Ganglion; midget ganglion
Statement A: Chemicals that release energy when struck by light are called photopigments
Statement B: in each retina row outnumber cones 120:1
Statement A is true, statement B is false
Small receptive fields are to ________ cells as large receptive fields are to __________ cells
Parvocellular; magncellular
At the level of the rods and cones the _________ theory of colour vision fits best, whereas at the level of the bipolar cells the _________ theory fits best
Trichromatic; opponent process
The receipt cells of the auditory system are
attached to the basilar membrane
To what kind of tomes do the cells of the primary auditory cortex respond best?
Patterns of tones
Statement A: Motor responses to pain occur at the same speed as motor responses to a simple touch
Statement B: Like the opiates, cannabinoids relieve pain by blocking pain receptors in the central nervous system
Both statements are false
If I wanted to study parallel fibres and Purkinje cells I should look for them in the
cerebellar cortex
The posterior parietal cortex
keeps track of the position of the body relative to the work
Which of the following is a major imitation in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease with L-Dopa?
It loses much of its effectiveness in the late stages of the disease.
What happens if people in an environment in which the cycle of light and dark is other than 24hours?
People generally adjust better if the new cycle is close to 24 hours (e.g. 25)
The suprachiasmatic nucleus
has a direct link with the optic nerve
cells in the basal forebrain increase arousal and wakefulness by releasing
acetycholine
Statement A: when we are at rest, almost two thirds of the energy we produce is used to keep our body temperature constant
Statement B: A constant flow of blood through the anterior pituitary gland is critical for controlling body temperature
Statement A is true, statement B is false
In response to infection, leukocytes release proteins called
cytokines
Approach and avoidance responses are modified by output from the amygdala to the
prefrontal cortex
Benzodiazepine tranquillisers affect GABA synapses by
facilitating the binding of GABA to thee receptors
Statement A: a surprising feature of people with PTSD is that, on average they have a lower than normal cortisol levels
Statement B: a chronically high level of cortisol is harmful because it causes the death of natural killer cells
Statement A is true, statement B is false
A conditional eye blink in a rabbit can be eliminated by suppressing activity in small nucleus in the
cerebellum
Statement A: Long-term depression (LTD) occurs when a group of axons has been relatively under stimulated compared to others in their vicinity
Statement B: A synapse that increases its effectiveness when there is simultaneous activity in both pre- and post-synaptic neurone is called a Hebbian synapse
both statements are true
One treatment for Alzheimer’s disease is to give a drug that stimulates
acetylcholine receptors
Total destruction of one of the two beaches of the optic nerve after it has crossed the optic chasm would result in the loss of vision in the
contralateral visual field
Wernicke’s aphasia is also known as __________ aphasia
fluent
Electroconvulsive therapy increases the proliferation of new neurone in the
hippocampus
A side effect of some anti-psychotic drugs is that they block dopamine receptors in the ________ causing ______
mesostriatal system; tardive dyekinesia
Most depressed people show ______ activity in the _______ prefrontal cortex
decreased; left
typical antipsychotics are more effective than typical antipsychotics in
reducing negative symptoms
Explaining differences in running speed as a function of different muscle fibre types is an example of a(n) ________ explanation
Physiological
Most mutation produce
Recessive genes
Invertebrate axons are ____________
unmyelinated
what type of glial cell myelinated axons in the spinal cord: Radial glia, schwann cells, or astroglia?
none of the above
The net effect of each cycle of the sodium-potassium pump is to
decrease the number of positively charged ions within the cell
Statement A: the absolute refractory period precedes the relative refractory period in time
Statement B: the duration of the refractory period has no effect on a neurone’s firing rate
Statement A is true, statement B is false
if a neuron has a spontaneous firing rate
IPSPs and EPSPs modify the frequency of its action potentials
when a neurotransmitter selectively opens chloride gates in the postsynaptic membrane
chloride ions enter the neuron causing an IPSP
activation of auto receptors tends to
decrease further neurotransmitter releases
in general, a single neuron releases ______ neurotransmitter(s), and can respond ______ neurotransmitter(s)
two or more; many
Endogenous cannabinoids act to
decreases neurotransmitter release from presynaptic neurons
The Bell-Magendie law states that ______ information is handled by the ______ spinal cord
sensory; dorsal
Statement A: most sensory information entering the mammalian brain goes first to the hypothalamus and then to the thalamus
Statement B: the main neurotransmitter released by nucleus basal is neurone is acetylcholine
Statement A is false, statement B is true
TH e raphe system _______the brain’s readiness to respond to stimuli, and sends axons to the ______
increases; forebrain
on average, women have a greater density of neurones in the temporal lobe compared to men
True
Both ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes impair ______, resulting in an accumulation of sodium ions ______ neurons
the sodium-potassium pump; inside
One way of relieving phantom limb pain is to
have the amputee to use an artificial limb
Statement A: Ganglion cells are the retinal cells closest to the incoming light
Statement B: the visual pathway in the temporal cortex are collectively known as the ventral stream
both statements are true
At the level of the rods and cones the ______ theory fits best, whereas at the level of the bipolar cells the _______ theory fits best
Trichromatic; opponent precess
the enchantment of contrast at the edge of an object is primarily due to lateral inhibition by the
horizontal cells
a person with visual agnosia is unable to
recognise visual objects
basilar membrane is stiffest at its ______ where ______ frequency sounds excite hair cells
base; high
humans localise low frequency sounds by detecting differences in______ at the two ears, and high frequency sounds by ______ differences
phase; intensity
a dermatome
an area of skin innervated by a given spinal nerve
Statement A: morphine helps control sharp cutting pain but not dull aching pain
Statement B: the endorphin-releasing periaqueductal gray area is in the pre-frontal cortex
both statements are false
The motor cortex produces a kind of activity called a(n) _____ before voluntary movement
readiness potential
the basal ganglia lie in the ______, and its main output pathways go to the ______
subcortical forebrain; thalamus
the _______ path to the suprachiasmatic nucleus comes from specialised ganglion cells that produce a photopigment called _______
retinohypothalamic; melanopsin
_______ synchronisation of firing among neurone causes EEG waves to grow ________
increased; larger
which are more common in NREM sleep than in REM
sleep walking AND night terrors
Statement A: Dreams begin with bursts of spontaneous firing cells
Statement B: Sleep spindles show up a EEG waves of about 12-14 Hz
both statements are true
Humans expend most of their energy on
basal metabolism
the set point for body temperature varies across the day
true
Damage to the insular cortex results in a diminished ability to experience and recognise
disgust
Benzodiazepines relieve anxiety by _____ transmission at ______ synapses
facilitating; GABA
Most Korsakoff’s syndrome victims have a loss or shrinkage of neurone throughout the brain, but especially in the
dorsomedial thalamus
at many hippocampal synapses, long term potentiation depends on the activation of _____ receptors responding to ________
NMDA; glutamate
The left hemisphere of the brain receives visual input from the
left side half of each retina
A split-brain patient who sees an object in her left visual field can point to it with her
left hand but can not call out its name
As well as reading difficulties, people with dyslexia have
attentional difficulties
Statement A: Most people with clinical depression have increased activity in the left prefrontal cortex and decreased activity in the right
Statement B: The benefits of antidepressant drugs (relative to placebos) are greater for people with severe as compared to mild depression
Statement A is false, statement B is true
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) increases the proliferation of new neurone in the
hippocampus
alternating personalities
is not a characteristic of schizophrenia
One side effect of some anti-psychotic drugs is that they block dopamine receptors in the ______ causing ______
Mesostriatal system; tardive dyskinesia
Why did the girl fall of the swing?
because she had no arms
