6.2.2 How The Brain Processes Visual Information 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Unlike simple cells, ____ ____, located in areas V1 and V2, do not respond to the exact location of a stimulus. A complex cell responds to a pattern of light in a particular orientation anywhere with in its large receptive field.

A

complex cells

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2
Q

A cell that responds to a stimulus in only one ____ is a simple cell. One that responds equally throughout a large area is a complex cell.

A

location

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3
Q

____, or hypercomplex, cells resemble complex cells with one exception: an end-stopped cell has a strong inhibitory area at one end of its bar-shaped receptive field.

A

End-stopped

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4
Q

The ____ cell responds to a bar-shaped pattern of light anywhere in it’s broad receptive field, provided that the bar does not extend beyond a certain point.

A

hypercomplex

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5
Q

Cells having similar properties are grouped together in the visual cortex in ____ perpendicular to the surface. For example, cells within a given column might respond to only the left eye, only the right eye, or both eyes equally.

A

columns

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6
Q

Given that neurons in area V1 respond strongly too bar- or edge-shaped patterns, we might suppose that the activity of such a cell is the perception of a bar, line, or edge. That is, such cells might be ____ ____ – neurons whose responses indicate the presence of a particular feature.

A

feature detectors

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7
Q

Supporting the idea of feature detectors is the fact that prolonged exposure to a given visual feature decreases sensitivity to that feature, as if it ____ the relevant detectors.

A

fatigued

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8
Q

Most cortical neurons respond best to a particular spatial frequency and hardy at all to other frequencies. Most visual researchers therefore believe that neurons in the area V1 detect ____ ____ rather than bars or edges.

A

spatial frequencies

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9
Q

For mathematical standpoint, ____ ____ frequencies are easy to work with. A branch of mathematics called Fourier analysis demonstrates that a combination of sine waves can produce an unlimited variety of other patterns.

A

sine wave

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10
Q

Therefore, a series of special frequency ____, some sensitive to horizontal patterns and others to vertical patterns, could represent any possible display.

A

detectors

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11
Q

____ input is stimulation from both eyes.

A

Binocular

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12
Q

If an experiment to sutures one eyelet shut for a kittens first 4 to 6 weeks of life, thus depriving it of ____ ____, synapses in the visual cortex gradually become unresponsive to input from the deprived eye. After the deprived eye is opened, the kitten does not respond to it.

A

actual experience

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13
Q

Binocular vision: light from a point in the visual field strikes points in each retina. Those two areas send axons to separate layers of the lateral geniculate, which in turn sends axons to a single cell in the visual cortex, where input from both eyes ____ onto a single neuron.

A

converges

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14
Q

When just one eye is open, the synapses from the open eye inhibit synapses from the closed one. If neither eye is active, no axon _____ any other.

A

outcompetes

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15
Q

If the eyes remain shut still longer, the cortical responses start to become ____ and lose their well-defined receptive fields.

A

sluggish

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16
Q

For each aspect of visual experience, researchers identify a ____ ____, when experiences have a particularly strong and enduring influence. The sensitive period ends with the onset of certain chemicals that stabilise synapses and inhabit axonal sprouting.

A

sensitive period

17
Q

Most neurons in the human visual cortex respond to both eyes – specifically, to approximately corresponding areas of both eyes. By comparing the input from the two eyes, you receive stereoscopic ____ ____.

A

depth perception

18
Q

Stereoscopic depth perception requires the brain to detect ____ ____, the discrepancy between what the left and the right eyes see.

A

retinal disparity

19
Q

Certain children are born with ____ (or strabismic amblyopia), aka lazy eye, a condition in which the eyes do not point in the same direction.

A

strabismus

20
Q

The usual treatment for strabismus is to put a ____ over the active eye, forcing attention to the other one.

A

patch

21
Q

A promising therapy for lazy eye is to ask a child to play ____ ____ ____ that require attention to both eyes. Good performance requires increasing attention to exactly the kind of input we want to enhance.

A

action video games

22
Q

About 70% of all infants have ____, a blurring of vision for lines in one direction (e.g., horizontal, vertical, or one of the diagonals), caused by an asymmetric curvature of the eyes. Normal growth reduces the prevalence of astigmatism to about 10% in four year old children.

A

astigmatism

23
Q

The existence of a sensitive period for the ____ ____ means that after you pass that period, your ____ ____ won’t change as much or as fast.

A

visual cortex

24
Q

If an infant has a visual problem ____ we need to fix it ____. For example, cataracts on one or both eyes during infancy cause visual deprivation, and a delay in surgically repairing the cataracts limits future vision.

A

early

25
Q

Whereas most adults see objects and know almost immediately what they are, people who lived most of their lives with cloudy vision find it always difficult to guess what the objects are. The visual experience that most of us take for granted depends on years of ____.

A

practice