15.2 Schizophrenia Flashcards
In 1911, Eugene Bleuler introduced the term ____.
schizophrenia
Schizophrenia was originally called dementia praecox, which is Latin for “____ ____ ____”.
premature mental deterioration
Although the term is Greek for “split mind”, it is not related to ____ ____ ____ (previously known as multiple personality disorder), in which someone alternates among different personalities.
disassociative identity disorder
What Bleuler meant by schizophrenia was a split between the ____ and ____ aspects of experience: the persons emotional expression or lack of it seems unconnected with current experiences.
emotional and intellectual
_____ of schizophrenia is difficult. In most areas of medicine, a physician can confirm a diagnosis with a lab test of some sort. Psychiatry has no dependable lab tests.
Diagnosis
According to the DSM-IV, to be diagnosed with schizophrenia, someone must have deteriorated in everyday functioning (work, interpersonal relationships, self-care, etc.) for at least ____ ____, and must show at least two of the following, that are not attributable to other disorders.
six months
_____ – unjustifiable beliefs, such as “beings from outer space are controlling my actions”.
Delusions
____ – false sensory experiences, such as hearing voices when alone.
Hallucinations
____ ____ – rambling or incoherent speech.
Disorganised speech
Grossly ____ behaviour.
disorganised
Weak or absent signs of ____, ____, and ____.
emotion, speech, and socialisation
The first four items on the list – delusions, hallucinations, disorganised speech, and disorganised behaviour – are called ____ ____ (behaviours that are present that should be absent).
positive symptoms
Weak or absent emotion, speech, and socialisation are ____ ____ (behaviours that are absent that should be present). Negative symptoms are usually stable overtime and difficult to treat.
negative symptoms
The ____ symptoms are limitations of thought and reasoning that are common in schizophrenia, even if they are not central to the diagnosis.
cognitive
The most typical type of thought disorder of schizophrenia is a difficulty understanding and using ____ ____. Related symptoms include deficits in attention and working memory.
abstract concepts
The main problem is disordered thoughts that result from ____ ____ between the cortex and the thalamus and cerebellum. The disordered thinking may lead to the hallucinations, delusions, and other symptoms.
abnormal interactions
Even if someone’s symptoms match the description of schizophrenia perfectly, it is important to make a ____ ____ – that is, one that rules out other conditions with similar symptoms.
differential diagnosis
____ ____ with psychotic features: people with depression frequently have delusions, especially delusions of guilt or failure. Some report hallucinations also.
Mood disorder
____ ____: many of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia can develop from prolonged use of amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine, LSD, or phencyclidine (Angel dust).
Substance-abuse
____ ____: damage or tumours in the temporal or prefrontal cortex often produce some of the symptoms of schizophrenia.
Brain damage
____ ____ ____: sometimes, someone who is starting to have trouble hearing things that everyone else is whispering and starts to worry. Delusions can develop.
Undetected hearing defects
____ ____: the symptoms of Huntington’s disease include hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking, as well as motor symptoms.
Huntington’s disease
____ ____: Niacin deficiency can produce hallucinations and delusions, and so can a deficiency in vitamin C or an allergy to milk proteins.
Nutritional abnormalities
Worldwide, about ___________ suffer from schizophrenia at some point in life.
1% of people
Schizophrenia occurs in all ____ ____ in all parts of the world. However, it is significantly more common in cities than in rural areas.
ethnic groups
