15.1.3 Mood Disorders 4

Question 1

People with ____ ____, formerly known as manic-depressive disorder, alternate between two poles – depression and its opposite, mania.

Answer 1

bipolar disorder

Question 2

____ is characterised by a restless activity, excitement, laughter, self-confidence, rambling speech, and loss of inhibitions.

Answer 2

Mania

Question 3

People who have full-blown episodes of mania are said to have _________.

Answer 3

bipolar I disorder

Question 4

People with __________ have milder manic phases, called hypomania, characterised by agitation or anxiety.

Answer 4

bipolar II disorder

Question 5

In addition to the ____ ____, most people with bipolar disorder have attention deficits, poor impulse control, and impairments of verbal memory.

Answer 5

mood swings

Question 6

A genetic predisposition for bipolar disorder is supported by the usual types of evidence – ____ ____ and adoption studies.

Answer 6

twin studies

Question 7

They have also demonstrated that some of the genes that predispose to major depression also ____ to bipolar disorder. However, the genes merely increase the risk. None of the genes showed a strong relationship to the disorder.

Answer 7

predisposed

Question 8

The first successful treatment for bipolar disorder, and still the most common one, is ____ ____.

Answer 8

lithium salts

Question 9

____ stabilises mood, preventing a relapse into either mania or depression.

Answer 9

Lithium

Question 10

To other effective drugs are ____ and ____.

Answer 10

valproate and carbamazepine

Question 11

Lithium, valproate, and carbamazepine have many effects on the brain. One effect they share is that they decrease the number of AMPA type ____ ____ in the hippocampus. Excessive glutamate activity is responsible for some aspects of mania.

Answer 11

glutamate receptors

Question 12

Preliminary studies suggest that getting people to maintain a consistent ____ ____ in a dark, quiet room reduces the intensity of mood swings in bipolar disorder.

Answer 12

sleeping schedule

Question 13

One more form of depression is ____ ____ ____ (SAD) – depression that recurs during a particular season, such as winter.

Answer 13

seasonal affective disorder

Question 14

SAD differs from other types of depression in many ways. For example, patients with SAD have _____ sleep and temperature rhythms – becoming sleepy and wakeful later than normal – unlike most other patients with depression, whose rhythms are phase-advanced.

Answer 14

phase-delayed

Question 15

Many people with SAD have a mutation in one of the genes responsible for regulating the ____ ____.

Answer 15

circadian rhythm

Question 16

It is possible to treat SAD with very ____ ____ for an hour or more each day.

Answer 16

bright lights