3.2.1 Chemical Events At The Synapse 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

____ ____ in the spinal-cord have one branch to the muscles, where they release acetylcholine, and another branch to other spinal-cord neurons, where they release both acetylcholine and glutamate.

A

Motor neurons

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2
Q

A combination of transmitters makes the neurons message more ____, such as brief excitation followed by slight but prolonged inhibition.

A

complex

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3
Q

Although a neuron releases only a limited number of neurotransmitters, it may receive and respond to many neurotransmitters at different ____.

A

synapses

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4
Q

The effect of a neurotransmitter depends on its receptor on the postsynaptic cell. When the neurotransmitter attaches to its receptor, the receptor may open a channel – exerting an ____ effect – or it may produce a slower but longer effect – a ____ effect.

A

ionotropic : metabotropic

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5
Q

Imagine a paper bag that is twisted shut at the top. If you untwist it, the opening grows larger to that something can go into or come out of the bag. An ____ ____ is like that.

A

ionotropic receptor

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6
Q

When the neurotransmitter binds to an ionotropic receptor, it twists the receptor enough to open a ____ ____, which is shaped to let a particular type of ion pass through.

A

central channel

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7
Q

Channels controlled by neurotransmitter are _____ or _____ channels. That is, when the neurotransmitter attaches, it opens a channel. (A ligand is a chemical that binds to another chemical.)

A

transmitter-gated or ligand-gated

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8
Q

Ionotropic effects are well suited to convey ____ information, ____ information, and anything else that needs to be updated as quickly as possible.

A

visual : auditory

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9
Q

Most of the brains excitatory ionotropic synapses use the neurotransmitter ____.

A

glutamate

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10
Q

Most of the inhibitory ionotropic synapses use the neurotransmitter GABA (__________), which opens chloride gates, enabling chloride ions, with the negative charge, to cross the membrane into the cell more rapidly than usual.

A

gamma-amino-butyric acid

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11
Q

____ is another common inhibitory transmitter, found mostly in the spinal cord.

A

Glycine

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12
Q

____, another transmitter at many ionotropic synapses, is excitatory in most cases.

A

Acetylcholine

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13
Q

At other receptors, neurotransmitters exert ____ ____ by initiating sequence of metabolic reactions that are slower and longer lasting than ionotropic effects.

A

metabotropic effects

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14
Q

Metabotropic synapses use many neurotransmitters, including ____, ____, and ____… and sometimes glutamate and GABA too.

A

dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin

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15
Q

When neurotransmitters attaches to metabotropic receptor, it ____ the receptor protein that goes through the membrane of the cell.

A

bends

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16
Q

The other side of the bent receptor is attached to a ____ – that is, a protein coupled to ____ ____ (GTP), an energy storing molecule.

A

G protein : guanosine triphosphate

17
Q

Bending the receptor protein ____ that G protein, which is then free to take energy elsewhere in the cell.

A

detaches

18
Q

Metabotropic synapses are better suited for more enduring effects such as ____, ____, and ____, where exact timing isn’t important anyway.

A

taste, smell, and pain

19
Q

Metabotropic synapses are also important for many aspects of ____, ____, ____, and ____ – again, functions that arise more slowly and last longer than visual or auditory stimulus.

A

arousal, attention, pleasure, and emotion

20
Q

Research is often refer to neuropeptides as ____, because they have several properties that set them apart from other transmitters.

A

neuromodulators

21
Q

Where as the neuron synthesises most other neurotransmitters in the presynaptic terminal, it synthesises neuropeptides in the ____ ____ and then slowly transports them to other parts of the cell.

A

cell body

22
Q

Whereas other neurotransmitters are released at the axon terminal, neuropeptides are released mainly by ____.

A

dendrites

23
Q

Neurons containing neuropeptides do not often release them, but when they do, they release ____ amounts.

A

substantial

24
Q

Neuropeptides are important for ____, ____, ____ ____, and other long-term changes in behaviour and experience.

A

hunger, thirst, intense pain

25
Q

A ____ is a chemical that is secreted by cells in one part of the body and conveyed by the blood to the other cells.

A

hormone

26
Q

A neurotransmitter is it like a telephone signal: it conveys a message from the sender to the intended receiver. Hormones function more like a ____ ____: they convey a message to any receiver tuned into the right station.

A

radio station

27
Q

A receptor known as an ____ is a receptor that responds to the released transmitter by inhibiting further synthesis and release. That is, they provide negative feedback.

A

autoreceptor

28
Q

Some postsynaptic neurons respond to stimulation by releasing special chemicals that travel back to the presynaptic terminal, where they ____ further release of transmitters.

A

inhibit

29
Q

At an electrical synapse, the membrane of one neuron comes into direct contact with the membrane of another, this contact is called a ___ ____.

A

gap junction