9.2.2 Stages Of Sleep And Brain Mechanisms 3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

In short, try to identify the ____ for your sleep problems before you try to solve them.

A

reasons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

One type of insomnia is ____ ____, impaired ability to breathe while sleeping. People with sleep apnea have breathless periods of a minute or so from which they awaken gasping for breath.

A

sleep apnea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The consequences of sleep apnea include ____ during the day, impaired ____, ____, and sometimes ____ problems.

A

sleepiness : attention : depression : heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

People sleep apnea have multiple brain areas that appear to have lost ____, and consequently, they show deficiencies of learning, reasoning, attention, and impulse control.

A

neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Sleep apnoea results from several causes, including genetics, hormones, and old-age deterioration of the brain mechanisms that ____ breathing.

A

regulate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Another cause of sleep apnoea is ____, especially in middle-aged men. Many obese men have narrower than normal airways and have to compensate my breathing frequently and vigourously. During sleep, they cannot keep up that rate of breathing.

A

obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

People with sleep apnea are advised to ____ ____ and avoid ____ and ____. Medical options include surgery to remove tissue that obstructs the trachea or a mask that covers the nose and delivers air under enough pressure to keep the breathing passages open.

A

lose weight : alcohol and tranquillisers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

____, a condition characterised by frequent periods of sleepiness during day, strikes about 1 person in 1000.

A

Narcolepsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Narcolepsy has ____ main symptoms, although not every person has all four.

A

four

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Narcolepsy symptom 1. Gradual or sudden attacks of ____ during the day.

A

sleepiness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Narcolepsy symptom 2. Occasional ____ – an attack of muscle weakness while the person remains awake.

A

cataplexy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Narcolepsy symptom 3. Sleep ____ – an inability to move while falling asleep or waking up.

A

paralysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Narcolepsy symptom 4. _____ hallucinations – dreamlike experiences that the person has trouble distinguishing from reality, often occurring at the onset of sleep.

A

Hypnagogic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The cause of narcolepsy relates to the neurotransmitter ____. People with narcolepsy lack the hypothalamic cells that produce and release orexin.

A

orexin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Recall that orexin is important for maintaining wakefulness. Consequently, people lacking orexin alternate between short ____ periods and short ____ periods, instead of staying awake throughout the day.

A

waking : sleepy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

People with ____ disease have widespread damage to the basal ganglia. In addition, most lose neurons in the hypothalamus, including neurons that make orexin, as a result, they have problems staying awake during the day and difficulty staying asleep at night.

A

Huntington’s

17
Q

Theoretically, we might imagine combating narcolepsy with drug that restore orexin. Currently, the most common treatment is stimulant drugs, such as _____ (Ritalin), which enhance dopamine and norepinephrine activity.

A

methylphenidate

18
Q

Another sleep disorder is ____ ____ ____ ____, characterised by repeated involuntary movement of the legs and sometimes the arms.

A

periodic limb movement disorder

19
Q

People with ___ ____ ____ move around vigorously during their REM periods, apparently acting out their dreams. They frequently dream about defending themselves against attack, and they may punch, kick, and leap about.

A

REM behaviour disorder

20
Q

REM behaviour disorder occurs mostly older people, especially older men with brain diseases such as ____ disease.

A

Parkinson’s

21
Q

____ ____ are experiences of intense anxiety from which a person awakens screaming in terror. A night terror is more severe than a nightmare, which is simply an unpleasant dream.

A

Night terrors

22
Q

Most people who ____, and many of their relatives, have one or more additional sleep difficulties, such as, chronic snoring, disordered sleep breathing, bedwetting, and night terrors.

A

sleepwalk

23
Q

Sleepwalking is most common during stage three or four sleep early in the night and is usually not accompanied by ____.

A

dreaming

24
Q

Unlike wakeful actions, the deeds of sleepwalkers are poorly ____ and not ____. Evidently, parts of the brain are awake and other parts are asleep.

A

planned : remembered

25
Q

Another sleep condition is sleep sex or ____, in which sleeping people engage in sexual behaviour, either with a partner or by masturbation, and do not remember it afterwards.

A

sexsomnia