15.1.2 Mood Disorders 3 Flashcards
Many people respond well on ____, either because of spontaneous recovery over time or because of the expectation that the pill induced.
placebos
____ patients particularly likely to respond to placebos.
Younger
Only for people with ____ ____ to the antidepressant drugs show meaningful advantage over placebos.
severe depression
An alternative to the depressant drugs is ____. Reviews of the research literature find that antidepressant drugs and psychotherapy are about equally effective for treating all levels of depression, from mild to severe, with three exceptions.
psychotherapy
Exception one, the drugs work better for ____, a long-term, almost lifelong condition of unhappy mood.
dysthymia
Exception two, antidepressants are generally ineffective for patients who have suffered ____ or ____ during early childhood or patients with multiple psychological disorders.
abuse or neglect
Exception three, psychotherapy is more likely to have long-term benefits, reducing the likelihood of a ____ months or years after the end of treatment.
relapse
The effects of antidepressants and those of psychotherapy overlap more than we might have guessed. Brain scans show that antidepressants and psychotherapy increase ____ in the same brain areas.
metabolism
When people do not respond well to drugs or psychotherapy, one possibility is treatment through an electrically induced seizure, known as ____ ____ (ECT).
electroconvulsive therapy
ECT does indeed ____ depression in many cases.
relieve
ECT today is used only with informed consent, usually for patients with ____ ____ who have not responded to antidepressant drugs.
severe depression
ECT is usually applied every other day for about two weeks. Patients are given ____ ____ or anaesthetics to minimise discomfort and the possibility of injury.
muscle relaxants
The most common side effect of ECT is ____ ____.
memory loss
The other serious drawback to ECT is the high risk of ____ into another episode of depression within a few months.
relapsing
After ECT has relieved depression, the usual strategy is to try to ____ ____ by means of drugs, psychotherapy, or periodic ECT treatments.
prevent relapse