15.1.2 Mood Disorders 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Many people respond well on ____, either because of spontaneous recovery over time or because of the expectation that the pill induced.

A

placebos

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2
Q

____ patients particularly likely to respond to placebos.

A

Younger

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3
Q

Only for people with ____ ____ to the antidepressant drugs show meaningful advantage over placebos.

A

severe depression

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4
Q

An alternative to the depressant drugs is ____. Reviews of the research literature find that antidepressant drugs and psychotherapy are about equally effective for treating all levels of depression, from mild to severe, with three exceptions.

A

psychotherapy

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5
Q

Exception one, the drugs work better for ____, a long-term, almost lifelong condition of unhappy mood.

A

dysthymia

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6
Q

Exception two, antidepressants are generally ineffective for patients who have suffered ____ or ____ during early childhood or patients with multiple psychological disorders.

A

abuse or neglect

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7
Q

Exception three, psychotherapy is more likely to have long-term benefits, reducing the likelihood of a ____ months or years after the end of treatment.

A

relapse

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8
Q

The effects of antidepressants and those of psychotherapy overlap more than we might have guessed. Brain scans show that antidepressants and psychotherapy increase ____ in the same brain areas.

A

metabolism

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9
Q

When people do not respond well to drugs or psychotherapy, one possibility is treatment through an electrically induced seizure, known as ____ ____ (ECT).

A

electroconvulsive therapy

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10
Q

ECT does indeed ____ depression in many cases.

A

relieve

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11
Q

ECT today is used only with informed consent, usually for patients with ____ ____ who have not responded to antidepressant drugs.

A

severe depression

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12
Q

ECT is usually applied every other day for about two weeks. Patients are given ____ ____ or anaesthetics to minimise discomfort and the possibility of injury.

A

muscle relaxants

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13
Q

The most common side effect of ECT is ____ ____.

A

memory loss

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14
Q

The other serious drawback to ECT is the high risk of ____ into another episode of depression within a few months.

A

relapsing

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15
Q

After ECT has relieved depression, the usual strategy is to try to ____ ____ by means of drugs, psychotherapy, or periodic ECT treatments.

A

prevent relapse

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16
Q

Unlike antidepressant drugs, ECT increases the proliferation of new neurons in the ____.

A

hippocampus

17
Q

A similar treatment is repetitive ____ ____ ____. An intense magnetic field is applied to the scalp, stimulating the axons near the surface of the brain.

A

transcranial magnetic stimulation

18
Q

Almost everyone with depression has ____ ____, and the sleep problems generally precede the mood changes.

A

sleep problems

19
Q

Depressed people fall asleep but ____ ____, unable to get back to sleep, and they enter REM sleep within 45 minutes after going to sleep.

A

awaken early

20
Q

In addition, people who are depressed have more than the average number of ____ ____ per minute during REM sleep.

A

eye movements

21
Q

In short, ____ ____ is a lifelong trait of people who are predisposed to depression.

A

altered sleep

22
Q

Surprisingly, although most people feel worse after a sleepless night, a night of total ____ ____ is the quickest known method of relieving depression.

A

sleep deprivation

23
Q

However, the benefit is brief, as the depression usually returns after the next night’s sleep. Also, while sleep deprivation helps alleviate depression, it increases ____ to ____.

A

sensitivity to pain

24
Q

A more practical solution is to alter the ____ ____, going to bed earlier than usual.

A

sleep schedule

25
Q

Depression can be either unipolar or bipolar. People with ____ ____ vary in between normality and one pole – depression.

A

unipolar disorder