4.1 Structure Vertebrate Nervous System Flashcards
The ____ ____ ____ (PNS) connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body.
peripheral nervous system
The ____ ____ ____ (CNS) is the brain and spinal cord.
central nervous system
Part of the PNS is the ____ ____ ____, which consists of axons conveying messages from the sense organs to the CNS and from the CNS to the muscles.
somatic nervous system
Another part of the PNS, the ____ ____ ____, controls the heart, the intestines, and other organs.
autonomic nervous system
____ means towards the back and ____ means toward the stomach.
Dorsal : ventral
There are three ways of taking a plane through the brain, known as ____, ____, and ____ (or frontal).
horizontal, sagittal, and coronal
Toward the back, away from the ventral (stomach) side. The top of the brain is considered ____ because it has that position in four-legged animals.
dorsal
Toward the stomach, away from the dorsal (back) side.
Ventral
Toward the front end.
Anterior
Toward the rear end.
Posterior
Above another part.
Superior
Below another part.
Inferior
Toward the side, away from the midline.
Lateral
Toward the midline, away from the side.
Medial
Located close (approximate) to the point of origin or attachment.
Proximal
Located more distant from the point of origin or attachment.
Distal
On the same side of the body (e.g., two parts on the left or two on the right).
Ipsilateral
On the opposite side of the body (one on the left and one on the right).
Contralateral
A plane that shows brain structures as seen from the front (or frontal plane).
Coronal plane
A plane that shows brain structures as seen from the side.
Sagittal plane
A plane that shows brain structures as seen from above (or transverse plane).
Horizontal plane
A row or layer of cell bodies separated from other cell bodies by a layer of axons and dendrites.
Lamina
A set of cells perpendicular to the surface of the cortex, with similar properties.
Column
A set of axons within the CNS, also known as a projection. If axons extended from cell bodies in structure A to synapses onto B, we say that the fibres project from A onto B.
Tract
A set of axons in the periphery, either from the CNS to a muscle or gland or from sensory organ to the CNS.
Nerve
A cluster of neuron cell bodies within the CNS.
Nucleus
A cluster of neuron cell bodies, usually outside the CNS (as in the sympathetic nervous system).
Ganglion
A protuberance on the surface of the brain.
Gyrus (pl. gyri)
A fold or groove that separates one gyrus from another.
Sulcus (pl. sulci)
A long, deep sulcus.
Fissure
The ____ is the part of the CNS within the spinal column. The ____ communicates with all the sense organs and muscles except those of the head.
spinal-cord
According to the ____ ____, entering dorsal roots (axon bundles) carry sensory information, and exciting ventral roots carry motor information.
Bell-Magendie law
The axons to and from the skin and muscles are ____ ____ ____.
peripheral nervous system
