15.1 Mood Disorders Flashcards

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0
Q

Despite having different ____, or combinations of causes these people all look and act depressed.

A

causes

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1
Q

People can become ____ through different routes, including genetics, traumatic experiences, hormonal problems, substance-abuse, head injuries, brain tumours, and other illnesses.

A

depressed

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2
Q

According to the DSM-IV, people with ____ ____ feel sad and helpless every day for weeks at a time. They have little energy, feel worthless, contemplate suicide, have trouble sleeping, cannot concentrate, find little pleasure, and can hardly even imagine being happy again.

A

major depression

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3
Q

Absence of ____ is a more reliable symptom of depression than increased sadness.

A

happiness

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4
Q

Childhood depression is about equally common for boys and girls, but beyond the age of 14, depression is more common in ____.

A

females

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5
Q

Although some people suffer from long-term depression, it is more common to have ____ of depression separated by periods of normal mood.

A

episodes

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6
Q

The first depressive episode is special in certain regards. The first episode of generally ____ than most of the latter ones, and most patients can identify a highly ____ event that triggered the first episode.

A

longer : stressful

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7
Q

For later depressive episodes, people are less and less likely to identify a triggering event. It is as if the brain ____ how to be depressed and gets better at it.

A

learns

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8
Q

In that regard depression is like ____ and migraine headaches,: the more often you have had an episode, the easier it is to start another.

A

epilepsy

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9
Q

Studies of twins and adopted children indicate a moderate degree of ____ for depression.

A

heritability

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10
Q

Given the difficulty so far in identifying any gene strongly linked to depression, another hypothesis arose: Perhaps the effect of a gene varies with the ____.

A

environment

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11
Q

One gene controls the ____ transporter, a protein that regulates the ability of axons to reabsorb serotonin after its release, to recycle for further use.

A

serotonin

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12
Q

Investigators examine the serotonin transporter genes of 847 young adults, identifying two types: the ____-type and the ____-type.

A

short : long

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13
Q

For people with two ____ forms of the gene, increasing numbers of stressful experiences lead to a big increase in the probability of depression. For those with two long forms, stressful events only slightly increased the risk of depression.

A

short

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14
Q

However, since then the most researchers have failed to ____ the result, finding no significant relationship between depression and the serotonin transporter gene itself and no interaction between the effects of the gene and stress.

A

replicate

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15
Q

A few cases of depression are linked to ____ ____.

A

viral infections

16
Q

____ maybe another trigger for depression. Stress is accepted as an important factor in depression, and stress increases release of cortisol.

A

Hormones

17
Q

About 20% of women report some degree of ____ ____ – that is depression after giving birth – and many researchers suspect that hormonal fluctuations are a contributing factor.

A

postpartum depression

18
Q

Among older mean, a declining level of the hormone ____ is associated with increased probability of depression.

A

testosterone

19
Q

Studies of normal people have found a fairly strong relationship between happy mood and increased activity in the left ____ ____.

A

prefrontal cortex

20
Q

Most people with depression have decreased activity and the left and ____ activity in the right prefrontal cortex, and this imbalance is stable over the years despite changes in symptoms of depression.

A

increased

21
Q

Most people gaze to the right during verbal tasks, but most individuals with depression gaze to the left, suggesting right-hemisphere ____.

A

dominance

22
Q

____ ____ fall into several categories, including tricyclics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and atypical antidepressants.

A

Anti-depressant drugs

23
Q

The ____ (e.g., imipramine, trade name Tofranil) operate by blocking the transporter proteins that reabsorb serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine into the presynaptic neurons after their release.

A

tricyclics

24
Q

The result of tricyclics is to prolong the presence of the neurotransmitters in the ____ ____, where they continue stimulating the postsynaptic cell. However, they also block histamine receptors, acetylcholine receptors, and certain sodium channels.

A

synaptic cleft