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Histology > Molecular Embryology and Trunk Development - Reverse > Flashcards

Molecular Embryology and Trunk Development - Reverse Flashcards

1
Q

High BMP4 and low Shh

A

surface ectoderm induced by

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2
Q

Intermediate BMP4 and Shh

A

neural crest induced by

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3
Q

low BMP4 and high Shh

A

neural tube induced by

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4
Q

specifies neural crest cell fate/promotes cells migration

A

SNAIL/SLUG

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5
Q

BMP4 concentration gradient

A

specification of the mesoderm

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6
Q

high BMP4

A

lateral plate mesoderm (lpm) IB

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7
Q

intermediate BMP4

A

intermediate mesoderm(im) IB

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8
Q

low BMP4, differentiates into somites

A

paraxial mesoderm (pm) IB

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9
Q

transcription factors responsible for craniocaudal body segmentation, e.g. Hoxa1, Hoxd13

A

Hox proteins

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10
Q

4 chromosomes, 13 gene clusters that code for Hox proteins. Provide spatial/temporal colinearity of gene expression & development

A

homeobox genes

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11
Q

Cranial to caudal. RA (cranial) promotes Hox gene expression. FGF8 (caudal) inhibits Hox.

A

Somite development order

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12
Q

located where RA signal overpowers FGF8 signal

A

someite differentiation front

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13
Q

induces paraxial mesoderm to form somites via Hox. intercellular signaling molecule that guides development of the posterior portion of the embryo.

A

RA

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14
Q

from notocord induces sclerotome

A

Shh (effect on mesoderm)

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15
Q

from neural tube/surface ectoderm induces myotome

A

Wnt (effect on mesoderm)

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16
Q

from neural tube induces dermatome

A

NT-3 (effect on mesoderm)

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17
Q

part of a somite that forms the muscles of the animal. cells express MyoD or Myf5.

A

myotome

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18
Q

differentiate into dermis. the dorsal portion of the paraxial mesoderm somite which gives rise to dermis.

A

dermatome

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19
Q

SHH -> Pax1

A

scleratome (signal + TF)

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20
Q

WNT -> MRF (Myf5 + MoyD)

A

myotome (signal + TF)

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21
Q

NT-3 -> Pax3

A

dermatome (signal + TF)

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22
Q

a secretory protein that induces lateral plate mesoderm to form left-side structures by promoting expression of Pitx2.

A

NODAL

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23
Q

responsible for the establishment of the left-right axis, the asymmetrical development of the heart, lungs, and spleen, twisting of the gut and stomach, as well as the development of the eyes. locally expressed in the left lateral mesoderm, tubular heart, and early gut which leads to the asymmetrical development of organs and looping of the gut.

A

Pitx2

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24
Q

BMP4 from ectoderm promoting expression of Pax 3 & Pax 7

A

dorsalization

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25
Q

Shh from the notocord antagonizes BMP4 (represses Pax 3 & Pax 7)

A

ventralization

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26
Q

promotes migration of neural crest cells

A

SLUG

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27
Q

signaling molecule secreted by the lateral plate mesoderm required for the early differentiation of the embryo and establishing of a dorsal-ventral axis. It is secreted from the dorsal portion of the notochord, and acts in concert with sonic hedgehog (released from the ventral portion of the notochord) to establish a dorsal-ventral axis for the differentiation of later structures as well as inducing posterior neural tube (sensory)

A

BMP4

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28
Q

FGF8 cause cilia that preferentially sweep toward the left sidethat activates NODAL which induces LPM to promote Pitx2 induced left side development.

A

left-right asymettry

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29
Q

releases NODAL. Where invagination occurs.

A

primitive node

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30
Q

expression at primitive streak controls cell migration

A

FGF8

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31
Q

form skeletal muscle in head, don’t dorm bony structures that come from somites. form on sides of cranial neural tube. do not segregate into sclerotome, dermatome, and myotome.

A

somitomeres

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32
Q

differentiate into axial skeleton. cells express PAX1.

A

sclerotome

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33
Q

induces sclerotome development

A

SHH and Noggin expression

34
Q

myotome posterolateral origin. MyoD expression. body wall and limb muscles. anterior primary rami.

A

hypaxial division

35
Q

myotome posteromedial origin. Myf5 expression. intrinsic back muscles. posterior primary rami

A

epaxial division

36
Q

begins in utero by 7 weeks. primary centers form by 7 weeks and are active until age 6. secondary ossification is complete around 25 years of age. at birth vertebrae consist of three bony parts united by cartilage.

A

ossification

37
Q

form from notochord and mesenchyme of somites. notochord forms nucleus pulposus. mesenchyme forms anulus fibrosus

A

intervertebral discs

38
Q

occurs as each vertebra forms from the fusion of the caudal half of the sclerotome of one somite and the cranial half of the sclerotome of the subjacent somite. somites surround neural tube and notochord.

A

resegmentation

39
Q

visceral mesoderm, initally between somites and finish at mid-vertebrae.

A

intersegmental arteries

40
Q

outgrowth of neural tube, initially at mid-somite, finish between vertebrae.

A

spinal nerves

41
Q

come from paraxial mesoderm, initially within somite and finish to span vertebrae, allowing for movement of the vertebral column)

A

myotomes

42
Q

bony part derived from sclerotome portion of paraxial mesoderm. cartilaginous part derived from sclerotome cells that migrated.

A

ribs

43
Q

derived from parietal layer of lateral plate mesoderm.

A

sternum

44
Q

right and left halves do not fuse appropriately.

A

cleft sternum

45
Q

loss of function mutation of various Hox genes, can lead to accessory cervical or lumbar ribs.

A

accessory, forked, or fused ribs

46
Q

malformations of the spine resulting in wedge-shaped vertebrae that can cause an angle in the spine (such as kyphosis, scoliosis, and lordosis).

A

hemivertebra

47
Q

fracture of pars interarticularis due to congenital developmental defects or trauma

A

spondylolysis

48
Q

dislocation between adjacent vertebrae subsequent to spondylolysis.

A

spondylolisthesis

49
Q

ancephaly, spina bifida, rachischisis. Can be indicated pre-birth with a-feroprotin increase inmaternal serum tests.

A

failure of neuropores to close results in:

50
Q

severe caudal failure, in which neural tissue is exposed and often becomes necrotic)

A

rachischisis

51
Q

intake prior to and during pregnancy can decrease incidence of neural tube defects by as much as 70%

A

folic acid supplement reason

52
Q

lateral plate, intermediate, paraxial. Driven by BMP4 concentration gradient.

A

mesoderm differentiation

53
Q

induces ectoderm to form neuroectoderm which undergoes neurulation to form neural tube and neural crest, then induces anterior neural tube (motor).

A

SHH

54
Q

non-migratory myoblasts, i.e. back muscles.

A

epaxial derivatives

55
Q

Spermreach oocyte, pass through CR. Acrosome reaction (male), Zona reaction (female). Sperm fuses with ocyte membrane, oocyte completes M2. Pronuclei fuse to from single diploid nucleus.

A

Day 1

56
Q

Cleavage, compaction (day 4), cavitation, hatching, implantation (day 6)

A

Week 1

57
Q

uteroplacental circulation, trophoblast differentiation (cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast.), bilaminar disc formation, chorionic cavity formation, hcG detectable day 8.

A

Week 2

58
Q

ectopic pregnancy, placenta previa, molar pregnancy, choriocarcinoma.

A

Week 2 complications

59
Q

Gastrulation, neurulation, NODAL expression, FGF8 expression, hypoblast displaced, body axes established, lateral body folding.

A

Weeks 3-4

60
Q

forms urogenital system

A

Intermediate mesoderm

61
Q

forms connective tissue of body wall and limbs

A

parietal layer of lateral plate mesoderm

62
Q

GI/respiratory organs exxcept epithelial lining

A

visceral layer of lateral plate mesoderm

63
Q

somites differentiate (wk 4), myotome differentiation (wk 5), resegmentation (wk 5), organogenesis

A

Weeks 4-8

64
Q

chondrification centers for vertebral column develop

A

week 6

65
Q

primary ossification centers for vertebral column develop

A

week 7

66
Q

ribs form (sclerotome), tail regresses, limbs rotate/enlongate, digits and face develop,

A

week 8

67
Q

produces floating ribs

A

hox9

68
Q

prevents rib formation

A

hox 10

69
Q

from parietal layer of lateral plate mesoderm

A

sternum formation

70
Q

sacralization of vertebrae

A

Hox11

71
Q

rostral neuropore doesn’t close

A

Anencephaly

72
Q

causal neuropore doesn’t close

A

spina bifida

73
Q

malformed pelvis, underdeveloped lower limbs, 250X more in pregestational diabetics

A

Caudal dysgenesis

74
Q

form of CD, mermaid syndrome

A

Sirenomelia

75
Q

Loss of function: ribcages with all ribs attacted to sternum

A

Mutation of Hox9

76
Q

Loss of function: lumbar and sacral vertebrae with ribs. Gain of function: Thoracic vertebrae without ribs

A

Mutation of Hox10

77
Q

LoF: Sacral vertevrae that donot fuse. GoF: vertebrae at various levels fusing

A

Mutation of Hox 11

78
Q

fracture of pars interarticularis

A

Spondylolysis

79
Q

Hox11 gain of function mutation at L5

A

Sacralization of L5 vertebra

80
Q

bone ossification centers (wk 12), ext genetalia visible (wk 12), swallowing and urine formation (wk 10), respiratory movements (wk 15)

A

Weeks 9+ (fetal period)

81
Q

weeks 24 - 28

A

Sound and light recognition

Histology (33 decks)

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