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Histology > Molecular Embryology and Trunk Development > Flashcards

Molecular Embryology and Trunk Development Flashcards

1
Q

surface ectoderm induced by

A

High BMP4 and low Shh

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2
Q

neural crest induced by

A

Intermediate BMP4 and Shh

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3
Q

neural tube induced by

A

low BMP4 and high Shh

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4
Q

SNAIL/SLUG

A

specifies neural crest cell fate/promotes cells migration

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5
Q

specification of the mesoderm

A

BMP4 concentration gradient

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6
Q

lateral plate mesoderm (lpm) IB

A

high BMP4

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7
Q

intermediate mesoderm(im) IB

A

intermediate BMP4

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8
Q

paraxial mesoderm (pm) IB

A

low BMP4, differentiates into somites

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9
Q

Hox proteins

A

transcription factors responsible for craniocaudal body segmentation, e.g. Hoxa1, Hoxd13

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10
Q

homeobox genes

A

4 chromosomes, 13 gene clusters that code for Hox proteins. Provide spatial/temporal colinearity of gene expression & development

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11
Q

Somite development order

A

Cranial to caudal. RA (cranial) promotes Hox gene expression. FGF8 (caudal) inhibits Hox.

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12
Q

someite differentiation front

A

located where RA signal overpowers FGF8 signal

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13
Q

RA

A

induces paraxial mesoderm to form somites via Hox. intercellular signaling molecule that guides development of the posterior portion of the embryo.

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14
Q

Shh (effect on mesoderm)

A

from notocord induces sclerotome

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15
Q

Wnt (effect on mesoderm)

A

from neural tube/surface ectoderm induces myotome

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16
Q

NT-3 (effect on mesoderm)

A

from neural tube induces dermatome

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17
Q

myotome

A

part of a somite that forms the muscles of the animal. cells express MyoD or Myf5.

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18
Q

dermatome

A

differentiate into dermis. the dorsal portion of the paraxial mesoderm somite which gives rise to dermis.

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19
Q

scleratome (signal + TF)

A

SHH -> Pax1

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20
Q

myotome (signal + TF)

A

WNT -> MRF (Myf5 + MoyD)

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21
Q

dermatome (signal + TF)

A

NT-3 -> Pax3

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22
Q

NODAL

A

a secretory protein that induces lateral plate mesoderm to form left-side structures by promoting expression of Pitx2.

23
Q

Pitx2

A

responsible for the establishment of the left-right axis, the asymmetrical development of the heart, lungs, and spleen, twisting of the gut and stomach, as well as the development of the eyes. locally expressed in the left lateral mesoderm, tubular heart, and early gut which leads to the asymmetrical development of organs and looping of the gut.

24
Q

dorsalization

A

BMP4 from ectoderm promoting expression of Pax 3 & Pax 7

25
Q

ventralization

A

Shh from the notocord antagonizes BMP4 (represses Pax 3 & Pax 7)

26
Q

SLUG

A

promotes migration of neural crest cells

27
Q

BMP4

A

signaling molecule secreted by the lateral plate mesoderm required for the early differentiation of the embryo and establishing of a dorsal-ventral axis. It is secreted from the dorsal portion of the notochord, and acts in concert with sonic hedgehog (released from the ventral portion of the notochord) to establish a dorsal-ventral axis for the differentiation of later structures as well as inducing posterior neural tube (sensory)

28
Q

left-right asymettry

A

FGF8 cause cilia that preferentially sweep toward the left sidethat activates NODAL which induces LPM to promote Pitx2 induced left side development.

29
Q

primitive node

A

releases NODAL. Where invagination occurs.

30
Q

FGF8

A

expression at primitive streak controls cell migration

31
Q

somitomeres

A

form skeletal muscle in head, don’t dorm bony structures that come from somites. form on sides of cranial neural tube. do not segregate into sclerotome, dermatome, and myotome.

32
Q

sclerotome

A

differentiate into axial skeleton. cells express PAX1.

33
Q

SHH and Noggin expression

A

induces sclerotome development

34
Q

hypaxial division

A

myotome posterolateral origin. MyoD expression. body wall and limb muscles. anterior primary rami.

35
Q

epaxial division

A

myotome posteromedial origin. Myf5 expression. intrinsic back muscles. posterior primary rami

36
Q

ossification

A

begins in utero by 7 weeks. primary centers form by 7 weeks and are active until age 6. secondary ossification is complete around 25 years of age. at birth vertebrae consist of three bony parts united by cartilage.

37
Q

intervertebral discs

A

form from notochord and mesenchyme of somites. notochord forms nucleus pulposus. mesenchyme forms anulus fibrosus

38
Q

resegmentation

A

occurs as each vertebra forms from the fusion of the caudal half of the sclerotome of one somite and the cranial half of the sclerotome of the subjacent somite. somites surround neural tube and notochord.

39
Q

intersegmental arteries

A

visceral mesoderm, initally between somites and finish at mid-vertebrae.

40
Q

spinal nerves

A

outgrowth of neural tube, initially at mid-somite, finish between vertebrae.

41
Q

myotomes

A

come from paraxial mesoderm, initially within somite and finish to span vertebrae, allowing for movement of the vertebral column)

42
Q

ribs

A

bony part derived from sclerotome portion of paraxial mesoderm. cartilaginous part derived from sclerotome cells that migrated.

43
Q

sternum

A

derived from parietal layer of lateral plate mesoderm.

44
Q

cleft sternum

A

right and left halves do not fuse appropriately.

45
Q

accessory, forked, or fused ribs

A

loss of function mutation of various Hox genes, can lead to accessory cervical or lumbar ribs.

46
Q

hemivertebra

A

malformations of the spine resulting in wedge-shaped vertebrae that can cause an angle in the spine (such as kyphosis, scoliosis, and lordosis).

47
Q

spondylolysis

A

fracture of pars interarticularis due to congenital developmental defects or trauma

48
Q

spondylolisthesis

A

dislocation between adjacent vertebrae subsequent to spondylolysis.

49
Q

failure of neuropores to close results in:

A

ancephaly, spina bifida, rachischisis. Can be indicated pre-birth with a-feroprotin increase inmaternal serum tests.

50
Q

rachischisis

A

severe caudal failure, in which neural tissue is exposed and often becomes necrotic)

51
Q

folic acid supplement reason

A

intake prior to and during pregnancy can decrease incidence of neural tube defects by as much as 70%

52
Q

mesoderm differentiation

A

lateral plate, intermediate, paraxial. Driven by BMP4 concentration gradient.

53
Q

SHH

A

induces ectoderm to form neuroectoderm which undergoes neurulation to form neural tube and neural crest, then induces anterior neural tube (motor).

54
Q

epaxial derivatives

A

non-migratory myoblasts, i.e. back muscles.

Histology (33 decks)

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