Histology - Cytology

Question 1

phosopholipid bilayer (histological trilayer), Transport through the membrane may be passive or active (requires extra energy). Some organelles are membrane-bound (e.g., golgi, RER, SER, mitochondria, lysosomes, nucleus).

Answer 1

Plasma membrane

Question 2

outside layer

Answer 2

e-face

Question 3

inner face

Answer 3

p-face

Question 4

“condensed” DNA, electron sense; little or no trnscription.

Answer 4

Heterochromatin

Question 5

“uncoiled” DNA; electron lucent; active transcription

Answer 5

Euchromatin

Question 6

rRNA synthesis, ribosome assembly; prominent feature during protein synthesis.

Answer 6

Nucleolus

Question 7

double-membrane later; nuclear pores.

Answer 7

Nuclear envelope

Question 8

contains organelles required to synthesize, package, and secrete proteins - exocytosis. Has a lot of RER, golgi app., and secretory vesicles.

Answer 8

Protein-secreting cell

Question 9

Flattened, membranous sacs w/ ribosomes. ER-bound ribosomes on membrane surface synthesize proteins into cisterna (lumen). (secretory proteins, membrane proteins, and lysosomal enzymes)

Answer 9

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

Question 10

Flattened, membranous sacs; no ribosomes. Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the RER into membrane-bound vesicles. Vesicles are transported to the plasma membrane (or to lysosomes).

Answer 10

Golgi Apparatus

Question 11

Membrane-bound, carry secretory proteins. Transported to the plasma membrane, fuse with it, release products into extracellular environment.

Answer 11

Secretory vesicles (granules)

Question 12

vesicles stored until signaled to be released at once. (paneth cells)

Answer 12

Regulated secretion

Question 13

products secreted as they are formed (plasma cells)

Answer 13

Constitutive secretion

Question 14

Abundant organelles required to synthesize lipid-based products. No vesciles: lipids pass easily through membranes. See a lot of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), vesicular mitochondria, lipid inclusions.

Answer 14

Steroid-secreting cell

Question 15

Membrane-enclosed tubes; no ribosomes. Convert choloestreols into streroid products (e.g., testosterone, estrogen, clucocoticoids)

Answer 15

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

Question 16

Contain tube-shaped cristae; modify steroids.

Answer 16

Vesicular mitochondria

Question 17

Cholesterol storage for steroid production.

Answer 17

Lipid inclusions (droplets)

Question 18

Rod-shaped, double-membrane. Outer: smooth. Inner: folded, from cristae. ATP sysnthesis during aerobic respiation. Provides energy for active transport. Has microvilli and basal folds.

Answer 18

Mitochondria

Question 19

folded plasma membrane and cytoplasm adjacent ot lumen.

Answer 19

Microvilli

Question 20

folded plasma membrane and cytoplasm adjacent to a other tissies, increases SA.

Answer 20

Basal folds

Question 21

Engulf macromolecules, cellular debris, bacteria. Identifys targets with receptors, engulfs targes with pseudopodia. Degrades targets with lysosomes (pgaholysosomes). Stores non-degradable components within residual body.

Answer 21

Phagocytic cell

Question 22

spherical, membrane-enclosed. Degrade ALL endocytosed material (anything brought into cell within vesicles) with hydrolytic enzymes. Also has autophagy - “self-eating”. Degraded contents are recycles; indigestible contents are stored in residual bodies and exocytosed.

Answer 22

Lysosomes

Question 23

“cell drinking”, generalized type of endocytosis by all cells. Brings in water & small dissolved solutes. Forms vesicles; fuse with lysosomes.

Answer 23

Pinocytosis

Question 24

highly selective endocytosis. Cargo proteins bind to cargo receptors.

Answer 24

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 25

Synthesis of proteins used inside the cell, -not secreted, not within vesicles. Not especially abundant in protein secreting cells.

Answer 25

Free ribosomes (polyribosomes)

Question 26

cell morphology (shape), movement (organelles within cell, transport along surface, movement of whole cell). Components: Actin (thin filaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules).

Answer 26

Cytoskeleton

Question 27

support, contraction, adhesion (Adherens junction, fascia adherens)

Answer 27

Actin

Question 28

adhesion (high tensile strength), (desmosomes)

Answer 28

Intermediate filaments

Question 29

support, movement, Lengthen and shorten (- end and + end). Formation directed by MTOC, a centrosome contianing 2 centrioles) (flagella, cilia)

Answer 29

Microtubules

Question 30

1. integrity to plasma membrane. 2. integrity of genetic apparatus. 3. protein synthesis. 4. aerobic respiration.

Answer 30

4 ways to kill a cell

Question 31

disrupt integrity of genetic apparatus

Answer 31

viral infections

Question 32

disrupt integrity of plasma membrane

Answer 32

bacteria infections

Question 33

disrupts protein synthesis, waste builds up.

Answer 33

lysosomal storage disease

Question 34

disrupts aerobic respiration.

Answer 34

hypoxia

Question 35

intentional and controlled cellular disassembly causing cell death

Answer 35

Apoptosis

Question 36

unintentional cell death from injury

Answer 36

necrosis

Question 37

fixes reversible damage from injury

Answer 37

repair

Question 38

adaptation to stress, making more cells

Answer 38

hyperplasia

Question 39

daapttaion to stress, grow bigger

Answer 39

hypertrophy

Question 40

cells grow smallser, response to stress

Answer 40

atrophy

Question 41

cells transform in response to stress

Answer 41

metaplasia

Question 42

hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia

Answer 42

ways cells respond to stress