Histology - Respiration

Question 1

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Answer 1

Ciliated cells: Lose synchronized beating, Decrease in #s ciliated cells Goblet cells: Increase secretion, Increase in #s goblet cells Seromucous glands: Increase secretion, Hypertrophy

Question 2

Cystic Fibrosis

Answer 2

Defective chloride ion regulator. NaCl build up in cell, draws water from mucus. Dehydrated viscous musuc, mucociliary escalator ineffective, muscous plugs obstruct airways, chronic infections.

Question 3

Kulchitsky cells (small granule cells)

Answer 3

Neuroendocrine cells (catecholamine, serotonin, etc.) that may participate in local reflexes regulating airway or vascular caliber (neuroepithelial bodies)

Question 4

Trachea 1’ Bronchi Characteristics

Answer 4

Pseudostratifeid columnar, cilated & goblet cells, K cells, brush cells, basal cells, seromucus glands, hyaline cartilage

Question 5

Clara cells

Answer 5

dome-shaped cells with short microvilli, found in the small airways (bronchioles). protect the bronchiolar epithelium, secrete lung surfactant, detoxify harmful substance, also act as a stem cell, multiplying and differentiating into ciliated cells

Question 6

Smooth muscle in tracheobronchial tree

Answer 6

Deep, it contracts to control air velocity and distribution.

Question 7

Bronchial Asthma (extrinsic)

Answer 7

Starts as hypersensitivity reaction. Characterized by mucus in lumen, inflammation and BM thickening, enlarged musous glands, smooth muscle hyperplasia.

Question 8

Patency Support (Cartilage) in Trachea

Answer 8

“C” - shaped Cartiledge Rings

Question 9

Patency Support (Cartilage) In 2’ & 3’ Bronchi

Answer 9

Discontinuous Plates

Question 10

Patency Support (Cartilage) in Bronchioles (incl. terminal bronchioles):

Answer 10

Elastic fibers and surfactant from Clara Cells

Question 11

Interalveolar Septum Occupants

Answer 11

1. Type I alveolar cells (2) 2. Type I capillary endothelium 3. Fused basal lamina between endothelial cell & type I cell

Question 12

Path of O2 (From alveolar air space to RBC)

Answer 12

1. Cytoplasm: Type I alveolar cell (P1)
2. Fused basal lamina (BM)
3. Cytoplasm: Endothelial cell (E)

Question 13

Surfactant functions

Answer 13

Surface tension, anti-bacterial-viral-fungi, inflammatory response functions

Question 14

Alveolar macrophages (M)

Answer 14

Antigen presentation, Inflammatory response. Originate from monocytes, called dust cells.

Question 15

Terminal bronchiole epithelium

Answer 15

Simple cuboidal, Clara cells, ciliated cells (NO alveoli)

Question 16

Respiratory bronchiole epithelium

Answer 16

Simple cuboidal, Clara cells, Simple squamous (type I alveolar cells) lining alveoli. Bands of smooth muscle.

Question 17

Alveolar duct epithelium

Answer 17

Simple squamous (type I alveolar cells) lining alveoli (+ other cells present in alveolus) . SLIPS of smooth muscle.

Question 18

Terminal bronchiole patecy support

Answer 18

Elastic fibers, Surfactant (Clara cells)

Question 19

Respiratory bronchiole patency support

Answer 19

Elastic fibers, Surfactant (Clara cells & type II cells)

Question 20

Alveolar duct patency support

Answer 20

Elastic fibers, Surfactant (type II cells)

Question 21

Alveolar sac and Alveolus Basic Characteristics

Answer 21

Simple squamous (type I alveolar cells) lining alveoli (+ other cells present in alveolus) . NO smooth muscle. {atency support from Eeastic fibers, Surfactant (type II cells).

Question 22

GI & respiratory systems embryonic germ layer

Answer 22

Endoderm

Question 23

smooth mm, general CT (organs), cardiac muscle, connective tissue, circulatory system (blood and lymph) embryonic orgin

Answer 23

visceral (splanchnic) mesoderm

Question 24

Tracheoesophageal septum

Answer 24

Formed by fusion of two longitudinally-oriented tracheoesophageal ridges (or folds). Separates the trachea (anterior) from the esophagus (posterior).

Question 25

Respiratory diverticulum

Answer 25

lung bud

Question 26

most common Tracheoesophageal malformation

Answer 26

Esophageal atresia with Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF)

Question 27

Canalicular period

Answer 27

16 weeks = 26-28 weeks

Question 28

Surfactant production begins at

Answer 28

20 weeks

Question 29

Terminal sac period

Answer 29

(26-28 weeks – birth) Capillaries now associated with primitive alveoli, blood-air barrier established.

Question 30

Alveolar period

Answer 30

More primitive alveoli develop & mature into adult alveoli. Lung takes on open, “lacy” appearance .At end of 300 million alveoli present

Question 31

Trends in Respiration from Upper to Lower Tracts

Answer 31

Lower portions of the respiratory tract show progressive loss of the various components characteristic of the trachea; that is, less and less cartilage, progressively lower epithelium, gradual loss of goblet cells, and finally loss of cilia and smooth muscle.

Question 32

Where do Clara cells begin? Where do they end?

Answer 32

BEGIN: Primary bronchioles END: Alveolar ducts

Question 33

Separates the trachea (anterior) from the esophagus (posterior). Formed by fusion of two longitudinally-oriented ridges (or folds).

Answer 33

Tracheoesophageal septum

Question 34

Type I cells

Answer 34

(97% of alveolar surfaces) line the alveoli. Squamous; thin for optimal gas diffusion.

Question 35

Type II cells

Answer 35

(3%) secrete pulmonary surfactant (dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine), which increases the alveolar surface tension. Cuboidal and clustered. Also serve as precursors to type I cells and other type II cells. Type II cells proliferate during lung damage.

Question 36

Airway Submucosa Components

Answer 36

Loose Commective Tissue (Elastic fibers, larger blood & lymphatic vessels.) Smooth muscle or Glands

Question 37

Most common tracheoesophogeal abnormality (90%) VACTERL association.

Answer 37

``` Esophageal atresia with Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) ```

Question 38

VACTERL

Answer 38

Vertebral defects Anal atresia Cardiac defects TEF Esophageal atresia Renal defects Limb defects

Question 39

Ends 16 weeks = 4 months - Terminal bronchioles (cuboidal epithelium) - Capillaries present (not associated) - **_No respiratory bronchi or alveoli_**

Answer 39

Pseudoglandular period

Question 40

Canalicular period

Answer 40

16 weeks = 26-28 weeks ## Footnote Terminal bronchioles (cuboidal epi.) Respiratory bronchioles (cuboidal epi.) Capillaries present (not associated) No alveoli

Question 41

Terminal sac period

Answer 41

26-28 weeks – birth ## Footnote - Blood-Air-Barrier established. - Terminal sacs or Primitive alveoli lined by simple squamous cells. - Capillaries now associated with primitive alveoli - Surfactant secretion greatly increases

Question 42

Alveolar period

Answer 42

Birth - 8 - 10 years ## Footnote More primitive alveoli develop & mature into adult alveoli Lung takes on open, “lacy” appearance. At end of alveolar period: 300 million alveoli present

Question 43

Visceral Pleura Origin

Answer 43

Sphlanic Mesoderm

Question 44

Parietal Pleura Origin

Answer 44

Somatic Mesoderm

Question 45

Large Cell Undifferentiated Carcinoma

Answer 45

Mutations in **_stem cells_** of the epithelium due to persistent exposure to carcinogens (smoking)

Question 46

Small Cell Carcinoma

Answer 46

Mutations in epithelial **_neuroendocrine_** cells from persistent exposure

Question 47

Mutations of ciliated cells and mucous cells can cause...

Answer 47

Adenocarcinoma