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Histology > Histology - Fetal Development and Complications - Reverse > Flashcards

Histology - Fetal Development and Complications - Reverse Flashcards

1
Q

Measures of body length (CRL, lemur length) increase faster than measures of width increase (biparietal diameter, abdominal circumference).

A

Fetal Proportional Growth

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2
Q

3200 g (7 lbs)

A

Normal Birth Weight

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3
Q

< 2500 g (5.5 lbs)

A

Low Birth Weight

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4
Q

< 500 g (1.1 lbs)

A

Fatal Birth Weight

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5
Q

< 10th percentile in weight for gestational age, but weight for size is normal

A

Small for gestational age (SGA)

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6
Q

< 10th percentile in weight for gestational age and < 2.5th percentile for abdominal circumference. Mortality is 30 times more likely, mental development may be affected.

A

in utero growth retardation (IUGR)

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7
Q
A

Preterm birth

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8
Q

test for preterm delivery risk: vaginal swab for placental adhesive glycoproteins

A

Fetal fibronectin (fFN) test

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9
Q

Respiratory distress due to underdeveloped lungs

A

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)

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10
Q

glucocorticoids to promote surfactant secretion in the lung to prevent collapse.

A

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) prenatal treatment

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11
Q

continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) to maintain airway patency.

A

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) POST-natal treatment

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12
Q

test for RDS risk. Lecithin should rise relative to sphingomyelin beginning in the 34th week, 2:1 = low RDS risk. Amniotic fluid sampled by amniocentesis or vaginal swab.

A

Lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio

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13
Q

sampling amniotic fluid w/ needle guided by ultrasonography. 14-20 weeks for adequate fluid. Fetal calls for karyotyping, fetal metabolites, proteins, hormones, etc.

A

Amniocentesis

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14
Q

biopsy of chorionic villus w/ needle guided by ultrasonography. 10-14 weeks (after 14 wks, amniocentesis preferred). Slightly higher risk (1-2%), less accurate, earlier karyotyping.

A

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

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15
Q

identifying fetal markers in maternal blood. Looking for a-fetoprotein and hCG levels. False positives numerous.

A

Maternal serum screening

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16
Q

fetal marker in maternal blood that can show neural tube defects, GI defects, Down syndrome

A

a-fetoprotein

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17
Q

fetal marker in maternal blood used to test for molar pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy, choriocarcinoma, down syndrome.

A

hCG

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18
Q

Encoscopic procedure to visualize the fetus. Invasive, high risk (5-10%), used only in extreme casus

A

Fetoscopy (fetendo)

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19
Q

sampling of umbilical vein blood for genetic or metabolic disoreders (also called cordocentesis). > 17 weeks (cord large enough), same risk as CVS (1-2%)

A

Percutaneous Umbilical Cord Blood Sampling (PUBS)

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20
Q

extraction of fluid from the peritoneal cavity within the abdomen. Invasive: must penetrate vagina and peritoneum. Looking for blood; indivative of tubal rupture during ectopic pregnancy.

A

Culdocentesis

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21
Q

dilation of the cervix and removal of endometrium (scraping or suction). Screens for polyps, cancer, ectopic pregnancy. Placental tissue floats in saline, cancer doesn’t. comparison with hCG levels usually necessary.

A

Dilation and curettage (D and C)

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22
Q

waxy or cheese-like white substance found coating the skin of newborn human babies. Starts developing on the baby in the womb around 18 weeks into pregnancy.

A

Vernix caseosa

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23
Q

very fine, soft, and usually unpigmented, downy hair as can be found on the body of a fetusor newborn baby. It is the first hair to be produced by the fetal hair follicles, and it usually appears on the fetus at about 5 months of gestation.

A

Lanugo

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24
Q

Formed by fusion of amnion and chrion. Ruptures prior to birth, ‘water breaking’.

A

Amniochorionic membrane (ACM)

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25
Q

Premature rupturing of the ACM. Bands/cords of ACM constrict fetal body parts, may affect development of more distal structures.

A

Amniotic Band Sundrome (ABS)

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26
Q

500-1000 ml of circulating clear, watery liquid that contains fetal cells, proteins, electrolytes that can be collected via aminocentesis.

A

Amniotic fluid

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27
Q

amniotic cells lining cavity, fiddusion of maternal tissue fluid, fetal urination.

A

Sources of Amniotic fluid

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28
Q

Enters fetal circulation by being swallowed into GI tract, aspiated into lungs, and absorbed through skin. Returns to maternal circulation through uteroplacental circulation, excretion into amniotic cavity and diffusion into maternal tissue.

A

Amniotic fluid circulation

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29
Q

Cushions, prevents adhesion, permits movement, permits growth, barrier to infections, regulated body temperature, regulates fluid/electrolyte homeostasis.

A

Amniotic fluid functions

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30
Q

too much amniotic fluid; >1500 ml. Assoc. w/ severe malformations that prevent swallowing of amniotic fluid.

A

Polyhdramnios

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31
Q

Too little amniotic fluid; < 400 ml. Assoc. w/ renal agenesis, urinary blockages, premature rupture of ACM (PROM). May lead to slowed growth or oligohydramins sequence.

A

Oligohydramnios

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32
Q

Abnormal appearance due to compression of fetus against uterus, e.g., limb abnormalities, flattened face. Typically caused by bilateral renal agenesis or ACM rupture. Characterized by oligohydramnios, anuria (no urination), pulmonary hypoplasia (under-developed lungs)

A

Oligohydramnios (Potter’s) Sequence

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33
Q

Attaches fetus to placenta. (55 cm length, 1-2 cm diameter) Contains: 1 umbilical vein (blood: placenta to fetus), 2 umbilical arteries, (blood: fetus to placenta), loops of intestine, yolk sac, vitelline vessels, allantois (waste collection).

A

Umbilical cord

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34
Q

risk of cord prolapse or the cord encircling fetal neck, called nuchal cord.

A

long cord

35
Q

restricted fetal movements, early detachment of placenta from uterus during delivery.

A

short cord

36
Q

fetal hypoxia/anoxia (little/no oxygen); may be fatal

A

True knot (umbilical)

37
Q

Collection, storage of fetal blood cells. Alternative to bone marrow transplants. Pros: No discomfort, abundant viabble stem cells, minimized host-graft rejection. Cons: expensive, low prob of use.

A

Umbilical cord blood banking

38
Q

site of nutrient and gas exchange between fetus & mother; produces pregnancy hormones like hCG.

A

Placenta

39
Q

maternal part of the placenta, derived from endometrium

A

Decidua basalis

40
Q

fetal part of placenta, derived from chorion

A

Villous chorion

41
Q

endometrium during pregnancy adjacent to the smooth chorion

A

decidua capsularis

42
Q

endometrium during pregnancy not directly associated with the chorion.

A

decidua parietalis

43
Q

name for extraembryonic mesoderm plus trophoblast layers

A

Chorion

44
Q

fetal placenta adjacent to decidua basalis, highly vascular. develops as the cytotrophoblast and extraembryonic mesoderm and grows into the syncytiotrophoblast. NO MIXING OF MATERNAL AND FETAL BLOOD!!

A

Villous chorion

45
Q

less vascular, non-placental region adjacent to decidua capsularis

A

Smooth chorion

46
Q
  1. synctiotrophoblast 2. cytotrophoblast 3. extraembryonic mesoderm 4. endothelial cells lining fetal capillaries.
A

Placental barrier before 4 months fertilization age

47
Q
  1. syncytiotrophoblast 2. endothelial cells lining fetal capillaries. Now increased exchange. Cytotrophoblast cells detach and migrate to lin maternal arteries.
A

Placental barrier after 4 months fertilization age

48
Q

blocks: large, complex molecules, many protein hormones, many bacteria. Allows: gas, nutrient, waste exchange, steroid hormones, some antibodies, most medications/drugs, many viruses.

A

Placental barrier (membrane)

49
Q

clinical concern > 4 months. Caused by failed migration of cytotrophoblast cells or maternal immune response to invading cytotrophoblast cells. Increases pressure in maternal vessels. Results in maternal hypertension, preoteinuria, slowed fetal growth, potential death.

A

Preeclampsia

50
Q

follows preeclampsia and is characterized by seizures.

A

Eclampsia

51
Q

placenta attaches to the myometrium of uterus

A

Placenta accreta

52
Q

placenta invades myometrium of uterus

A

Placenta increta

53
Q

placenta penetrate the uterus and extends into body cavity

A

Placenta percreta

54
Q

dichorionic, diamniotic (DCDA, DiDi): 2 amnions, 2 chorions, 2 placentas. 2 oocytes released at ovulation & fertilized separately, unique DNA, ‘fraternal’.

A

DZ twins

55
Q

2 amnions, 1 chorion, 1 placenta. 1 oocyte released at ovulation, fertilized by 1 sperm, same DNA, ‘identical’. each blastocyst implants separately in endometrium

A

MZ twins: dichorionic, diamniotic (DCDA, DiDi)

56
Q

1 amnion, 1 chorion, 1 placenta. 1 oocyte released at ovulation, fertilized by 1 sperm. I embryblast at implantation = 1 amnion. 2 epiblasts after implantation = 2 fetuses. 1 trophoblast = 1 chorion, 1 placenta.

A

MZ twins: monochorionic, monoamniotic (MCMA, MoMo)

57
Q

Spermreach oocyte, pass through CR. Acrosome reaction (male), Zona reaction (female). Sperm fuses with ocyte membrane, oocyte completes M2. Pronuclei fuse to from single diploid nucleus.

A

Day 1

58
Q

Cleavage, compaction (day 4), cavitation, hatching, implantation (day 6)

A

Week 1

59
Q

uteroplacental circulation, trophoblast differentiation (cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast.), bilaminar disc formation, chorionic cavity formation, hcG detectable day 8.

A

Week 2

60
Q

ectopic pregnancy, placenta previa, molar pregnancy, choriocarcinoma.

A

Week 2 complications

61
Q

Gastrulation, neurulation, NODAL expression, FGF8 expression, hypoblast displaced, body axes established, lateral body folding.

A

Weeks 3-4

62
Q

forms urogenital system

A

Intermediate mesoderm

63
Q

forms connective tissue of body wall and limbs

A

parietal layer of lateral plate mesoderm

64
Q

GI/respiratory organs exxcept epithelial lining

A

visceral layer of lateral plate mesoderm

65
Q

somites differentiate (wk 4), myotome differentiation (wk 5), resegmentation (wk 5), organogenesis

A

Weeks 4-8

66
Q

chondrification centers for vertebral column develop

A

week 6

67
Q

primary ossification centers for vertebral column develop

A

week 7

68
Q

ribs form (sclerotome), tail regresses, limbs rotate/enlongate, digits and face develop,

A

week 8

69
Q

produces floating ribs

A

hox9

70
Q

prevents rib formation

A

hox 10

71
Q

from parietal layer of lateral plate mesoderm

A

sternum formation

72
Q

sacralization of vertebrae

A

Hox11

73
Q

rostral neuropore doesn’t close

A

Anencephaly

74
Q

causal neuropore doesn’t close

A

spina bifida

75
Q

malformed pelvis, underdeveloped lower limbs, 250X more in pregestational diabetics

A

Caudal dysgenesis

76
Q

form of CD, mermaid syndrome

A

Sirenomelia

77
Q

Loss of function: ribcages with all ribs attacted to sternum

A

Mutation of Hox9

78
Q

Loss of function: lumbar and sacral vertebrae with ribs. Gain of function: Thoracic vertebrae without ribs

A

Mutation of Hox10

79
Q

LoF: Sacral vertevrae that donot fuse. GoF: vertebrae at various levels fusing

A

Mutation of Hox 11

80
Q

fracture of pars interarticularis

A

Spondylolysis

81
Q

Hox11 gain of function mutation at L5

A

Sacralization of L5 vertebra

82
Q

bone ossification centers (wk 12), ext genetalia visible (wk 12), swallowing and urine formation (wk 10), respiratory movements (wk 15)

A

Weeks 9+ (fetal period)

83
Q

weeks 24 - 28

A

Sound and light recognition

Histology (33 decks)

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