Histology - Liver, Gall Bladder

Question 1

simple cuboidal epithelium. Located in portal area and collect bile from liver lobules via intrahepatic bile ductules.

Answer 1

interlobular bile ducts

Question 2

major support for hepatic sinusoids

Answer 2

reticular fibers

Question 2

liver dysfunction due to venous congestion, usually cardiac dysfunction or other causes of hypoperfusion and hypoxia. Affects hepatocytes near central vein.

Answer 2

centrilobular necrosis

Question 2

pericytes found in the perisinusoidal space (space of Disse). The major cell type involved in liver fibrosis (scar tissue).

Answer 2

Ito Cells

Question 2

cholangiocarcinoma

Answer 2

cancer in biliary system

Question 2

causes simultaneous contraction of smooth muscle of gallbladder and relaxation of smooth muscle of sphincters

Answer 2

cholecystokinin

Question 3

Will cause necrosis throughout liver lobule

Answer 3

viral hepatitis

Question 4

a collagenous capsule covering the external surface of the liver. It consists of type III collagen and extends to the stroma of endothelial sinusoids.

Answer 4

Glisson’s capsule

Question 4

Ito cells lose ability to store lipid and vitamin A. Primary function becomes collagen synthesis.

Answer 4

liver cirrhosis (chronic inflammation)

Question 4

breakdown product of hemoglobin from dead rbcs

Answer 4

bilirubin - modified in hepatocytes and released in bile for elimination.

Question 6

migratory macrophages derived from monocytes located within hepatic sinusoids that form a part of the sinusoidal lining. Unique to hepatic sinusoids.

Answer 6

Kupffer cells

Question 7

a type of sinusoidal blood vessel (with fenestrated, discontinuous endothelium) that serves as a location for the oxygen-rich blood from the hepatic artery and the nutrient-rich blood from the portal vein.

Answer 7

liver sinusoid

Question 7

Four of six sides. Desmosomes and tight junctions holding cells together, preventing material from moving from one hepatocyte to another.

Answer 7

lateral domains

Question 9

hepatocytes with lower oxygen tension, and lower nutrient and hormone levels. Increased number of SER, but less mitochondria, for biochemical pathways requiring less ATP (such as glycolysis, cholesterol synthesis, fatty acid synthesis, and drug metabolism)

Answer 9

Perivenous hepatocytes

Question 11

yellow discoloration of skin due to abnormally high levels of bilirubin in bloodstream. can occur with medical conditions that impair liver function like congestive heart failure.

Answer 11

jaundice

Question 12

Parenchyma

Answer 12

the functional parts of the liver - hepatocytes

Question 13

intercalated ducts join to form intralobular ducts, then interlobular ducts, then finally the main or accessory pancreatic ducts

Answer 13

interlobular pancreatic duct - note: cuboidal epithelium becomes columnar epithelium in duct system.

Question 14

Fenestrated Cpilaries

Answer 14

Pancreas, Small Intestine. Have pores that are spanned by a diaphragm of fibrils and allow small molecules and limited amounts of protein to diffuse.

Question 14

outside of stroma a space between connectuve tissue stroma and parenchyma of liver (hepatocytes). Fluid in perisinusodal flows to this space and is the origin of the lymph vessels.

Answer 14

periportal space of Mall

Question 16

veins found at the center of a “classic” hepatic lobule. They receive the blood mixed in the liver sinusoids and return it to circulation via the hepatic vein.

Answer 16

central vein of liver (or central venules)

Question 17

adventitia of Gallbladder

Answer 17

loose connective tissue attaches to Glisson’s capsule non attached is serosa, portion attached to liver has adventitia.

Question 18

Cuboid exocrine cells.

Answer 18

Centroacinar cells - pale nucleus, basal membranes have receptors for secretin from duodenum. Located at center of pancreatic acinus. Produce alkaline fluid to keep digestive enzymes inactive until they reach the duodenum.

Question 19

portal lobule

Answer 19

triangular; centered on a portal triad, bile secretion. 3 central veins in periphery, bile drinas to center, blood to periphery.

Question 20

classical lobule

Answer 20

hexagonal; central vein central. Six portal areas in periphery, blood drains centrally, bile drains to periphery, separated by septa.

Question 20

pyramid shaped exocrine cells, release granules of digestive enzymes.

Answer 20

Acinar cells. have receptors for CCK from duodenum apex. Contain secretory granules (zymogen granules) granules are full of digestive enzymes and proenzymes like trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, carboxypeptidase, amylase, lipase, nuclease.

Question 21

70% of islet cells, center of islet, produces insulin

Answer 21

B-Cell

Question 22

separates sinusoidal lining cells from hepatocytes, intermediary space between blood and hepatocytes.

Answer 22

Perisinusoidal space (or space of Disse). Microvilli of hepatocytes extend into this space, allowing proteins and other plasma components from the sinusoids to be absorbed. Contains Ito Cells, drins into lymph. Can be obliterated in liver disease, leading to decreased uptake by hepatocytes of nutrients and wastes (bilirubin).

Question 24

concentrattion of bile system

Answer 24

active transport of sodium out of epithelial cells into intercellular space that causes passive aquaporin-mediated movement of water into epithelial cell lamina propria.Sodium and water then taken up by vascular system, leading ot water in lumen to passively move into epithelial cells. Continual flow of water form lumen into cells, to vascular system of laminal propria in wall of gall bladder driven by sodium active transport into intracellular space.

Question 26

exocrine pancreas

Answer 26

pancreatic acini - tubuloacinar serous glands. 40-50 acinar cells per pancreatic acinus. Basal lamina separates acinar from septa.

Question 27

derived from vitelline vein. Between plates of hepatocytes, blood draining from portal areas to central vein.

Answer 27

hepatic sinusoids

Question 29

hepatocytes in portal area (high ox. conc.)that contain an increased number of golgi apparati, RER, and mitochondria for biochemical pathways requiring more ATP (such as protein synthesis, amino acid catabolism, gluconeogenesis, and the urea cycle).

Answer 29

Periportal hepatocytes

Question 31

20% of islet cells, on periphery, produces glucagon

Answer 31

A-cell

Question 32

hepatocyte features

Answer 32

Derived from endoderm, quarter are binucleate, most polyploid. Six-sided cubes, 20-30 um in diameter. Two sinusoidal domains, four lateral domains.

Question 33

the connective, functionally supportive framework derived from mesoderm

Answer 33

stroma, Glisson’s Capsule, septa, reticular fibers

Question 34

release of bile mechanism

Answer 34

bile is released from GB by enteroendocrine cells during digestion in response to cholecystokinin.

Question 35

hepatic acinus of Rappaport

Answer 35

oval or diamond-shaped; distributing arteriole is at center of lobule, two central veins and two portal veins are in periphery. zones of oxygenation.

Question 37

epithelial cells of biliary system

Answer 37

cholangiocytes - beginning with intrahepatic bile ductules, microvilli and long primary cilium.

Question 38

5% of islet cells, periphery of islet

Answer 38

D-Cell - produce somatostatin

Question 39

a small division of the liver defined at the histological scale.

Answer 39

hepatic lobule

Question 40

A space in the lateral domain where there are no junctions that allows an opening (or groove) to form.

Answer 40

Bile Canaliculi - A thin tube that collects bile secreted by hepatocytes. The bile canaliculi merge and form bile ductules, which eventually become common hepatic duct.

Question 41

connective tissue stroma continuous with Glisson’s capsule that contain blood vessels, bile ducts, nerves, lymph vessels. Separate hepatocytes into liver lobules.

Answer 41

liver septa