Molecular Basis of Type II DM

Question 1

___ is responsible for most of the glucose uptake

Answer 1

muscle

Question 2

__ is responsible for fasting glucose output

Answer 2

liver

Question 3

4 fucked up tissues of Type II DM

Answer 3

Muscle (less uptake) Liver (more output) Fat (increased lipolysis) Pancreatic B cells (less insulin production)

Question 4

Rate limiting step of insulin function

Answer 4

transporting glucose across the cell membrane

Question 5

The only glucose transporter regulated by insulin

Answer 5

GLUT4

Question 6

The central signaling kinase in insulin signaling is

Answer 6

AKT4

Question 7

Exercise stimulates glucose uptake by transporting GLUT4 via

Answer 7

AMPK

Question 8

Insulin turns off the ____ in the liver after a meal to decrease gluconeogenesis

Answer 8

FOXO1

Question 9

In the liver, after feeding, lipogenesis is done by the __ gene

Answer 9

SREBP1c

Question 10

Selective insulin resistance in the liver means what

Answer 10

gluconeogenesis is affected (make too much bc signal is faulty) but lipogenesis is not affected (continue to do so with no issues)

Question 11

Diabetics can have ____ due to continued lipogenesis

Answer 11

non alcoholic fatty liver disease

Question 12

There is also a positive correlation between insulin resistance and increased plasma ___

Answer 12

triglycerides

Question 13

Adipocytes will take up more fat from the blood via ___ during the fed state

Answer 13

LPL

Question 14

During the fasting state, adrenergic signaling causes __ to break down lipid molecules and increase __

Answer 14

HSL; FFA

Question 15

Insulin resistance there is increased ___ and __ release from adipose tissue

Answer 15

lipolysis; FFA release

Question 16

___ tissue may protect against diabetes until the system is overwhelmed and ___ fat deposition occurs

Answer 16

adipose; ectopic

Question 17

Fat releases ___, which decreases in adipose resistance

Answer 17

adiponectin

Question 18

Thiazolidinediones, anti-diabetic drugs, are agonists for __, the master adipose regulator. Side effects include weight __

Answer 18

PPR-gamma; gain

Question 19

_ fat may be protective

Answer 19

Subcutaneous

Question 20

Beta cells have GLUT_ cells so they’re always taking up glucose

Answer 20

1/2

Question 21

The important thing about beta cell function in the pancreas is the

Answer 21

number of beta cells

Question 22

__/___ stress in the beta cell can lead to their failure

Answer 22

ER/oxidative

Question 23

The ___ ___ has an effect on glucose levels

Answer 23

circadian rhythm

Question 24

Monogenetic diabetes cause insulin resistance via single enzyme changes like __ or ___

Answer 24

AKT; PPAR-gamma