Complications of Type II Diabetes

Question 1

Between __ and __ HbA1c is prediabetic range

Answer 1

5.7-6.4

Question 2

Hyperglycemia is strongly associated with the risk of ___ disease

Answer 2

microvascular

Question 3

Most common cause of blindness in US

Answer 3

diabetic retinopathy

Question 4

Type I diabetes present with retinopathy __-__ years after diagnosis

Answer 4

3-5

Question 5

Type II diabetes presents with retinopathy 4-7 years ___ ____

Answer 5

before diagnosis

Question 6

Pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy is due to __ stress increased ___ permeability, ischemia due to ___, and ___ __ proliferation (protein)

Answer 6

oxidative; vascular permeability; microthrombosis; growth factor

Question 7

___ ___ (symptom) can occur at any stage of retinopathy and accounts for 75% of the __ ___ due to diabetes

Answer 7

macular edema; vision loss

Question 8

____ differentiates non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy from proliferative retinopathy

Answer 8

neovascularization

Question 9

PDR can present with this scary symptom

Answer 9

acute vision loss due to vitreous hemorrhage

Question 10

Controlling ___ and ___ help prevent retinopathy

Answer 10

glycemia; bp

Question 11

Good glycemic control is effective in __ prevention of type I diabetes

Answer 11

primary

Question 12

Early intervention of glycemic control effects may last 10 years due to

Answer 12

metabolic memory

Question 13

Retinopathy treatments include focal ___ __ or ___ injection

Answer 13

laser coagulation; intravitreal glucocorticoid

Question 14

Diabetic nephropathy occurs much __ after diagnosis of diabetes than retinopathy and is the most common cause of __ __ in the US

Answer 14

later; kidney failure

Question 15

In type I diabetics there is a strong association between retinopathy and

Answer 15

nephropathy

Question 16

Due to kidney failure high levels of __ can present in the urine.

Answer 16

albumin

Question 17

30-300 mg/g creatine- ___

>300 mg/g creatine- ___

Answer 17

microalbuminuria

proteinuria

Question 18

Decreased __ can precede or follow albuminuria

Answer 18

GFR

Question 19

___ inhibitors are effective in the treatment of nephropathy

Answer 19

ACE

Question 20

ACE inhibitors dilate the ___ arteriole of the glomeruli, relieving blood pressure and decreasing ____

Answer 20

efferent; proteinuria

Question 21

__ is the most common diabetic microvascular complication

Answer 21

Neuropathy

Question 22

__ __ polyneuropathy is the most common diabetic neuropathy- “stocking glove” distribution, worse at ___

Answer 22

symmetrical sensorimotor; night

Question 23

CV effects of diabetes include resting ___, postprandial __ and silent ___

Answer 23

tachycardia; MI; hypotension

Question 24

___ is damage to the nerves in the GI tract and results in delayed ___ __

Answer 24

gastroparesis; gastric emptying

Question 25

Symptoms of gastroparesis include early ___, nausea or vomiting

Answer 25

satiety

Question 26

The delayed emptying with gastroparesis complicates the timing of ___ dosing

Answer 26

insulin

Question 27

Diabetes affects the __, and can decrease __ and cause dry skin.

Answer 27

feet; perspiration

Question 28

Diabetic __ __ are a major cause of amputations, sepsis, death

Answer 28

foot ulcers

Question 29

Risk factors include ___ due to decreased pain sensation, dry ___, and abnormal __ __

Answer 29

neuropathy; skin, weight bearing

Question 30

Poor glycemic control causes impaired ___ ___ which increases risk of infection

Answer 30

wound healing

Question 31

The DCCT trial showed that ___ insulin intervention decreased risk of ____ complications

Answer 31

intensive; microvascular

Question 32

DCCT looked at type _ diabetics

Answer 32

I

Question 33

___ ___ control decreases the risk of retinopathy

Answer 33

blood pressure

Question 34

The UKPDS post trial monitoring showed that ____ decreases the MI risk of type II diabetes

Answer 34

metformin