Complications of Type II Diabetes Flashcards
Between __ and __ HbA1c is prediabetic range
5.7-6.4
Hyperglycemia is strongly associated with the risk of ___ disease
microvascular
Most common cause of blindness in US
diabetic retinopathy
Type I diabetes present with retinopathy __-__ years after diagnosis
3-5
Type II diabetes presents with retinopathy 4-7 years ___ ____
before diagnosis
Pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy is due to __ stress increased ___ permeability, ischemia due to ___, and ___ __ proliferation (protein)
oxidative; vascular permeability; microthrombosis; growth factor
___ ___ (symptom) can occur at any stage of retinopathy and accounts for 75% of the __ ___ due to diabetes
macular edema; vision loss
____ differentiates non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy from proliferative retinopathy
neovascularization
PDR can present with this scary symptom
acute vision loss due to vitreous hemorrhage
Controlling ___ and ___ help prevent retinopathy
glycemia; bp
Good glycemic control is effective in __ prevention of type I diabetes
primary
Early intervention of glycemic control effects may last 10 years due to
metabolic memory
Retinopathy treatments include focal ___ __ or ___ injection
laser coagulation; intravitreal glucocorticoid
Diabetic nephropathy occurs much __ after diagnosis of diabetes than retinopathy and is the most common cause of __ __ in the US
later; kidney failure
In type I diabetics there is a strong association between retinopathy and
nephropathy
Due to kidney failure high levels of __ can present in the urine.
albumin
30-300 mg/g creatine- ___
>300 mg/g creatine- ___
microalbuminuria
proteinuria
Decreased __ can precede or follow albuminuria
GFR
___ inhibitors are effective in the treatment of nephropathy
ACE
ACE inhibitors dilate the ___ arteriole of the glomeruli, relieving blood pressure and decreasing ____
efferent; proteinuria
__ is the most common diabetic microvascular complication
Neuropathy
__ __ polyneuropathy is the most common diabetic neuropathy- “stocking glove” distribution, worse at ___
symmetrical sensorimotor; night
CV effects of diabetes include resting ___, postprandial __ and silent ___
tachycardia; MI; hypotension
___ is damage to the nerves in the GI tract and results in delayed ___ __
gastroparesis; gastric emptying
Symptoms of gastroparesis include early ___, nausea or vomiting
satiety
The delayed emptying with gastroparesis complicates the timing of ___ dosing
insulin
Diabetes affects the __, and can decrease __ and cause dry skin.
feet; perspiration
Diabetic __ __ are a major cause of amputations, sepsis, death
foot ulcers
Risk factors include ___ due to decreased pain sensation, dry ___, and abnormal __ __
neuropathy; skin, weight bearing
Poor glycemic control causes impaired ___ ___ which increases risk of infection
wound healing
The DCCT trial showed that ___ insulin intervention decreased risk of ____ complications
intensive; microvascular
DCCT looked at type _ diabetics
I
___ ___ control decreases the risk of retinopathy
blood pressure
The UKPDS post trial monitoring showed that ____ decreases the MI risk of type II diabetes
metformin
