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Anatomy & Physiology > Module 8: Muscular System > Flashcards

Module 8: Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Muscle Tissue (CHSGM)

A
  • Control of openings & passages
  • Heat Production
  • Stability
  • Glycemic Control
  • Movement
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2
Q

Describe Muscle Fxn: Movement

A

muscle works as pulleys on bones, move internal contents and fxn in communication

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3
Q

Describe Muscle Fxn: Stability

A

help maintain body position & posture

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4
Q

Describe Muscle Fxn: Control of Body openings and passages

A

help keep internal materials moving properly; ex/ muscles in mouth, iris of eye, sphincters of digestive system

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5
Q

Describe Muscle Fxn: Heat Production

A

muscles use ATP & produce heat to maintain body temp & facilitate enzyme activity

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6
Q

Describe Muscle Fxn: Glycemic Control

A

muscles store & release sugar to help maintain homeostasis with blood levels

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7
Q

Universal Characteristics of Muscle cells

A
  • Excitability
  • Extensibility
  • Elasticity
  • Conductivity
  • Contractility
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8
Q

Define Excitability

A

potential to respond to electrical or chemical stimulus and stretching

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9
Q

Define Conductivity

A

ability to carry electrical signals after local stimulus

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10
Q

Define Contractility

A

ability to shorten after being stimulated

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11
Q

Define Extsenibility

A

ability to be stretched longer between contractions without rupturing

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12
Q

Define Elasticity

A

ability to return to original shape after being stretched

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13
Q

How is shape of a muscle determined?

A

by orientation of muscle cells

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14
Q

How is muscle strength determined?

A

by muscle size, shape, and by direction the cells contract

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15
Q

List the 5 common skeletal muscle shapes

A
  • Fusiform
  • Parallel
  • Pennate
  • Circular
  • Triangular
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16
Q

Describe muscle shape: Fusiform

A

wide in middle & tapered end

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17
Q

Describe muscle shape: Parallel

A

uniform in width & parallel cells, elongated straps; can span long distances, shorten & produce less force due to fewer cells

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18
Q

Describe muscle shape: Triangular

A

fan-shaped; relatively strong due to large number of cells

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19
Q

Describe muscle shape: Pennate

A

feather shaped; generate most force due to arrangement of muscle cells

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20
Q

Describe muscle shape: Circular

A

round; control movement through opening & passageways

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21
Q

Define muscle compartments

A

groups of functionally related muscles enclosed in connective tissue

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22
Q

True or False:

Muscle & Muscle compartments attach to tendons. The gap between the muscle & bone is spanned by ligaments

A

False - Muscle & Muscle compartments attach to BONE. The gap between the muscle & bone is spanned by TENDONS

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23
Q

Define Origin

A

when a muscle contracts, one end is stationary or anchored

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24
Q

Define Insertion

A

end of the muscle that attaches to mobile bone

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25
Q

Name the origin and insertion for biceps brachii and describe action when muscle contracts

A

Origin - on scapula
Insertion - on radius
- When muscle contracts, acts on radius & causes flexion of elbow

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26
Q

Muscles do not work on bones in isolation, List the 4 primary roles

A
  1. Prime mover
  2. Synergist
  3. Fixator
  4. Antagonist
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27
Q

Describe fxn: Prime Mover

A

produces primary force for action

28
Q

Describe fxn: Synergist

A

aids primary mover

29
Q

Describe fxn: Fixator

A

stabilizes part of body that the moving muscle is attached to

30
Q

Describe fxn: Antagonist

A

” checks & balances”

  • counteracts / opposes primary mover
  • stabilizes joint
  • causing more controlled action due to less excess movement & speed
31
Q

A muscle is an organ, name the different layers of a muscle from superficial to deep

A
  • Fascia
  • Epimysium
  • Perimysium
  • Endomysium
32
Q

Describe Fascia

A

CT that separates a muscle from other muscles, organs, or tissues.

33
Q

Describe Epimysium

A

CT that surrounds each muscle (epi- meaning upper, outer, the surface)

34
Q

Describe Perimysium

A

within muscle, CT that surrounds and defines fascicles (peri- meaning around)

35
Q

Describe Fascicle

A

bundles of muscle fibers

36
Q

Describe Endomysium

A

within fascicles, CT surrounds individual muscle fibers (endo- meaning inside)

37
Q

Sarcolemma

A

cell membrane of muscle cell; function in excitation

38
Q

Name the foldings from the sarcolemma that penetrate from one side of the cell to the other & function in conduction of impulses

A

Transverse (T) Tubules

39
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm of muscle cells

40
Q

Glycogen

A
  • polysaccharide composed of glucose
  • abundant in muscle cells
  • located in sarcoplasm
  • produce ATP
41
Q

Myoglobin

A

protein that binds to & stores Oxygen; when needed oxygen can be used to help produce ATP

42
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • The Smooth ER of muscle cells

- forms sacs called terminal cisternae which store & release Ca ions essential for contraction

43
Q

Myofibrils

A
  • Most prominent organelle in Sarcoplasm
  • long tube-like protein bundles
  • contain Myofilaments (three types)
44
Q

Myofilaments: Structure, function, 3 types

A
  • long chains of parallel proteins
  • responsible for contraction
  • Thick, Thin & Elastic
45
Q

Thick Filaments

A
  • composed of Myosin
  • held in place by elastic filaments that are anchored to Z-discs
  • found in center of sarcomere
46
Q

Myosin

A
  • within thick filaments
  • bundles of contractile protein
  • has a head & tail portion
47
Q

Function of the head portion on a Myosin protein

A

Extend from thick filament & use ATP to attach and pull on thin filaments

48
Q

Thin Filaments

A
  • composed of Actin, troponin, tropomyosin

- anchored to proteins in Z-disc & extend toward center of sarcomere

49
Q

Actin

A
  • two intertwined contractile proteins

- each having a binding site for myosin heads

50
Q

Tropomyosin

A
  • regulatory protein

- cover myosin binding sites on actin when the muscle is resting

51
Q

Troponin

A
  • positioned along tropomyosin working together to allow or prevent contractions.
  • composed of binding site for Calcium
52
Q

What happens when Calcium binds to Troponin?

A

Tropomyosin shifts positions, exposing the myosin binding sites on actin

53
Q

Myosin & Actin cannot interact without _____.

A

Calcium

54
Q

Elastic Filaments

A
  • contain Titin
  • anchor to Z-discs
  • keeps Thick Filaments in place, preventing overstretching
  • recoil after contractions, keeps proteins in original positions within myofibril.
55
Q

Each myofibril is divided by Z-discs into smaller units called _______.

A

Sarcomere

56
Q

Sarcomere

A
  • collection of thick, thin and elastic filaments

- found between two adjacent Z-discs

57
Q

Each Sarcomere contains two Z-discs, how many sets of Thin Filaments are there?

A

2 Sets of Thin Filaments

58
Q

In order for muscle fibers to contract they must be ______ by nervous system cells called _____ _____.

A

Stimulated; Motor Neuron

59
Q

Motor Neurons

A

cells that carry information from brain or spinal cord to muscle fibers

60
Q

Motor Unit

A

comprised of a motor neuron & all muscle cells that receive info from its branches

61
Q

Motor units are either entirely active or completely resting aka _______.

A

All or Nothing principle

62
Q

All Neurons communicate with other cells at regions called …

A

Synapses

63
Q

Neurons release chemical messengers called

A

Neurotransmitters

64
Q

Motor Neurons of Motor unit communicate with muscle cells at specific synapses called

A

Neuromuscular Junction

65
Q

Name the steps in order when a Motor Unit becomes active

A

Excitation
Excitation-contraction coupling
Contraction
Relaxation

66
Q

Two most important factors that influence availability of ATP

A

oxygen & glucose levels

67
Q

Glycolysis

A

producing ATP starting with glucose

Anatomy & Physiology (18 decks)

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