Module 10 Pt 1: Blood Vessels & Blood Flashcards
Name the 3 layers of blood vessel walls (Inside-Out)
Tunica Interna
Tunica Media
Tunica Externa
Tunica Interna: Location
Characteristic
Tissue type
inner layer;
direct contact with blood
Simple squamous epithelium & basement membrane
Tunica Media: Location
Contains what tissue types
middle layer;
contains smooth muscle, collagen & elastic fibers
Smooth muscle of _____ _____ allows for greater control of blood flow due to change in diameter to meet different needs.
Tunica Media
An increase in vessel diameter occurs when smooth muscle in tunica media relaxes allowing for increased flow aka ______
Vasodilation
A decrease in vessel diameter when smooth muscle of tunica media contracts, restricting blood flow aka ____
Vasoconstriction
Tunica Externa: Location
Tissue type
outer layer;
loose connective tissue
Fxn of loose connective tissue in the Tunica Externa of the blood vessels
Protects and anchors vessels in place
Ventricles pump blood where
ventricles pump blood away from the heart into the tissues (pulmonary or systemic system)
Arteries carry blood where
arteries carry blood away from the heart into circulatory routes
Name the three types of arteries
Conducting Arteries
Distributing Arteries
Arterioles
Conducting Arteries: structure & examples
Largest artery; ie aorta & pulmonary trunk
Distributing Arteries: structure
Fxn
Examples
smaller branches from conducting arteries
deliver blood to specific regions or organs
ex/ circumflex artery & left pulmonary artery
Arterioles: aka …
structure,
Fxn
aka resistance arteries
smallest form of artery, branch from distributing artery
supply very local regions of the body
Capillaries: Structure
Fxn
Contains tissue type…
Smallest blood vessels, form when arterioles branch
Fxn in exchanges in gases, nutrients & waste products
Consist of endothelium & basement membrane
Capillaries form beds between _____ & ______.
Arterioles & Venules
Arterioles carry blood …
away from the heart
Venules carry blood …
toward the heart
Capillaries lack ____ ____ & ____ _____
Tunica Externa & Tunica Media
The lack of the tunica externa & tunica media allow the capillaries to be ….
highly permeable
____ form when capillaries merge & _____ carry blood back to the heart
Veins; Vessels
Name the 3 types of veins
Venules; Medium veins; Large veins
Venule Fxn
drain blood from capillary beds & return blood to heart
Medium Veins: structure & fxn
form when venules merge & contain valves
drain larger areas & carry more blood
Medium Veins contain special folds of ____ ____ called ____.
Tunica Interna; Valves
Valve Fxn
insure blood does not back up & flow in the wrong direction
Large Veins: Structure
Examples
Largest vessels; Form when medium veins merge
Ex/ inferior vena cava & pulmonary veins
Flow of blood back to the heart is known as
Venous Return
Pressure gradient of blood flow is dependent on the force generated by the ______.
Ventricles
Blood pressure is _____ in the arteries than in the veins because ________ of the heart contract with the most force
higher; ventricles
Ventricles pump blood into ______ & ______ circuits
Pulmonary & systemic
The highest pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are contracting is known as
systolic pressure
The lowest pressure when the ventricles are relaxing and at rest is known as
diastolic pressure
Functions of Blood
Transportation
Protection
Regulation of pH
Blood is composed of
formed elements & plasma
Formed Elements of blood are
RBC (45%); WBC (1%); Platelets (55%)
Name the three primary proteins Plasma is composed of
Fibrinogen
Albumin
Globulin
Fibrinogen
sticky protein
precursor to Fibrin which fxns in coagulation/clotting
Albumin
most abundant;
influences bp, volume and flow
transports blood solutes
maintains blood pH
Globulin
has 3 classes of protein (alpha, beta, gamma)
fxns in blood clotting & protection as antibodies
Plasma also has non-protein components including
water (makes up 92% of plasma)
electrolytes, glucose, wastes, gases
Hemopoiesis
production of formed elements
What produces the majority of formed elements
red bone marrow
Lymphocytes
WBCs produced by lymphatic system
WBCs & RBCs originate from a bone marrow stem cell called
hemopoietic cells
Platelets are formed by cytoplasmic fragments of a large marrow called
megakaryocytes
Erythropoiesis
development of RBC
Leukopoiesis
development of WBC
Thrombopoiesis
development of platelets
RBC Structure
biconcave & discoid
have no DNA, mitochondria or nucleus
not technically “true cells” since they cannot reproduce themselves
RBC fxn
carries O2 from lungs throughout body & picks up CO2 from body to lungs to be expelled
RBCs require ______ to transport O2 & CO2 in the blood
Hemoglobin
RBC’s life cycle is 120 days. at their end of life cycle their membranes deteriorate and cells are broken down by the liver and spleen. This process is called
Hemolysis
What happens if hemoglobin is not broken down properly?
it will block tubules in kidneys are lead to renal failure
How is hemoglobin properly broken down?
into its components, heme & globin
Globin breaks down into
amino acids
For heme to break down, _____ must be removed from heme and put into blood to be reused or converted into bile pigment by the liver.
iron
Bloods cells that only spend a few hours in the blood stream then migrate into connective tissues
WBCs
WBCs Fxn
immune defense & protection from toxins, pathogens, etc.
WBCs are classified into two categories
Granulocytes & Agranulocytes
Granulocytes: Structure, Fxn, Name 3 types
cytoplasmic granules
store products of cell metabolism
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
Neutrophils: characteristic & fxn
most abundant WBC
phagocytize bacteria & release antimicrobial to fight bacteria
numbers increase during infections
Eosinophils: characteristic & fxn
counts fluctuate daily;
anti-inflammatory & phagocytic
fight allergens parasites, worms
Basophils: characteristic & fxn
rarest WBC; not phagocytic
- release histamine & heparin
- heal damaged tissue & release factors that call neutrophils & eosinophils to action
histamine
vasodilator; increase flow to tissues
Heparin
anticoagulant; prevents clotting
Agranulocytes: characteristic
name two types
No cytoplasmic granules
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Lymphocytes: characteristic & fxn
abundant and small
destroy cancer cells, cells infected with viruses, etc.
fxn in immune memory, secret antibodies & coordinate other immune cells
Monocytes
largest in size of WBCs;
phagocytize pathogens, dead neutrophils, debris
leave bloodstream & form macrophages in various tissues
