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Anatomy & Physiology > Module 3: Cytology > Flashcards

Module 3: Cytology Flashcards

1
Q

Cell Shape: Squamous

A

Thin, flat scaly. Bulge where nucleus is, like a fried egg; found in esophagus & epidermis

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2
Q

Cell Shape: Cuboidal

A

Squarish, and sometime ball-shaped; equal length & height; found in liver cells

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3
Q

Cytology

A

study of cells; cells are 1st level to display life

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4
Q

Cytoplasm

A

fluid between nucleus and surface membrane; made up of cytosol & organelles.

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5
Q

Cytosol: aka; composed of; location; examples

A

aka intracellular fluid;
primarily water;
surrounds cytoskeleton, organelles, inclusions.
ex/ blood plasma, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid

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6
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

supportive framework of protein filaments and tubules, providing internal support

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7
Q

Organelles

A

structures that perform various metabolic tasks and cellular funtions

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8
Q

Plasma Membrane: describe, composition and function

A

aka cell membrane; made up of proteins and lipids;
surrounds the cell providing shape, protection,
communicates with cells, and is semipermeable

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9
Q

What can freely pass through plasma membrane?

A

hydrophobic and small, uncharged polar molecules

such as water, oxygen, CO2, vitamins and steroids’

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10
Q

What cannot freely pass through plasma membrane

A

hydrophilic, large charged molecules ie. proteins, ions, glucose
these molecules need help of channels or carrier proteins to get into cell.

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11
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer: describe properties

A

Semi-permeable & Amphipathic - with a hydrophilic phosphate heads facing cellular fluid, and hydrophobic fatty acid tails facing the center avoiding water

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12
Q

Membrane Lipids include: P.C.G

A

phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol, glycolipids

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13
Q

Cholesterol

A

found between phospholipids providing some rigidity, they stiffen the membrane making it less fluid

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14
Q

Glycolipids:
Structure
Location

A

Made of phospholipids & carbohydrate

found on extracellular surface of membrane

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15
Q

______ ______ enable ions and large polar particles to pass into _______ _____ or all the way through. They drift freely in phospholipid film and are exposed where?

A

Integral Proteins
phospholipid bilayer
exposed on inside & outside of cell

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16
Q

Peripheral Proteins

A

exposed to just the ECF & ICF

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17
Q

Transmembrane Proteins

A

aka integral proteins

within the membrane exposed on inside & outside of cell

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18
Q

Receptors: fxn

A

communication for neurotransmitters and hormones

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19
Q

Second Messenger System

A

binds to a surface receptor

relays signals from outside to inside of cell

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20
Q

Enzymes

A

breakdown chemical messengers and nutrients

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21
Q

Channel Protein

A

Transmembrane; passages that allow water and hydrophilic solutes to move through membrane;
two type - Leak channels & Gated Channels

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22
Q

Leak Channels

A

always open & allow materials to pass through

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23
Q

Gated Channels open & close responding to 3 types of stimuli/gates

A

Ligand gated, voltage gated and mechanically gated channels

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24
Q

Ligand Gated Channels

A

respond to chemical messengers

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25
Q

Voltage Gated channels

A

respond to changes in electrical potential

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26
Q

Mechanically gated channels

A

respond to changes to physical stress on cell, like stretch and pressure

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27
Q

Carriers

A

Transmembrane; Shuttle large molecules, like glucose and electrolytes through membrane. Some carriers called pumps consume ATP in the process

28
Q

Cell-identity Markers

A

Glycoproteins (sugars and Amino Acids) that identifies cells as “self”, which cells belong and which are invaders.

29
Q

Glycocalyx

A

fuzzy coating of carbohydrates.

fxn in protection, immunity to infections, cell adhesion

30
Q

Cell-adhesion molecules

A

(CAMs) physically connect adjacent cells through membrane proteins

31
Q

Surface extensions: 3 types & describe role

A

includes microvilli, Cilia, and Flagella; aid in absorption, movement, sensory processing

32
Q

Microvilli

A

extension of plasma membrane that increase surface area;
fxn in absorption of nutrients
role in hearing and taste

33
Q

Microvilli Example

A

epithelial cells of intestine and kidneys

34
Q

Cilia

A

hair-like processes; role in smell and vision;
some don’t move & have sensory fxns (inner ear sense of balance -non-motile)
others move and help propel fluid (pump mucus- motile)

35
Q

Flagella

A

whip-like tail of sperm propelling them

36
Q

_____ _______ allows for some nutrients and wastes through but prevents _____ & ______ from entering or leaving cells

A

Selective Permeability

proteins and phosphates

37
Q

Passive Transport: describe properties and methods (FFSO)

A

requires no ATP; movement occurs by filtration, simple diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion and osmosis

38
Q

Active Transport

A

Requires ATP; moves substances through a protein from low concentration to high concentration.

39
Q

Carrier-mediated Transport

A

use transmembrane protein to transport substances through membrane; exhibits specificity for its ligands (ex/ glucose carrier cannot transport fructose)

40
Q

Cell Shape: Columnar

A

Tall & Thin; found in lining of stomach and intestines

41
Q

Phospholipids

A

Amphiphilic; do not attach to each other, but move independently next to each other; allows membrane to be fluid & flexible

42
Q

Filtration

A

transport that uses hydrostatic pressure to move particles across membrane; ex/ coffee filters, blood capillaries

43
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

movement of particles down a concentration gradient from areas of high to low.

44
Q

Osmosis

A

diffusion of water; moves water down concertation gradient; ex/ diarrhea, hypertension, edema

45
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Passive; requires transport proteins; moves down concentration gradient through a membrane protein; No ATP required (ex/glucose cannot pass through un aided)

46
Q

Vesicular Transport

A

used to move large molecules across membrane contained in vesicles; requires ATP

47
Q

Endocytosis

A

moves substances into cells

48
Q

Exocytosis

A

moves substances out of cells

49
Q

Nucleus

A

Control center; holds DNA

50
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

Surrounds Nucleus in a bi-layer membrane

51
Q

Nucleolus

A

Found within the Nucleus; produces ribosomes

52
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

cells consisting of channels called cisternae; Two type are Smooth ER & Rough ER; synthesizes steroids’ and lipids

53
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Recticulum

A

continuous with nuclear envelope;
contains ribosomes
fxn in protein synthesis

54
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Recticulum

A

continuous with Rough ER; no ribosomes; detoxifies the cytoplasm

55
Q

Ribosomes

A

produced by nucleolus;
Found in Rough ER, Nucleolus, Cytosol & Mitochondria;
read genetic material & role in protein synthesis

56
Q

Golgi Complex

A

made of flat sacs called cisternae; synthesizes & packages peptide, protein and carbs.

57
Q

Golgi Vesicles

A

finished proteins from the Golgi complex are packaged in these vesicles and are transported within the cytoplasm

58
Q

Lysosomes

A

specialized Golgi vesicles; contain digestive enzymes, travel around cell, break down organelles and particles

59
Q

What type of organelle do WBCs use to breakdown bacteria inside the cell?

A

Lysosomes

60
Q

What type of organelle do liver cells use to release stored glucose into the blood?

A

Lysosomes

61
Q

Peroxisomes

A

similar to lysosomes
produced in smooth ER rather than Golgi complex;
detoxify cells by producing hydrogen peroxide;

62
Q

Mitochonria

A

oval organelles composed of folds called Cristae; synthesizes ATP; referred to as “power house” of the cell

63
Q

Centrioles

A

paired organelles that are arranged perpendicular to one another; contains numerous microtubules aiding in cell division

64
Q

Microtubules

A

proteins responsible of moving and arranging components in cytosol to insure cell divides equally

65
Q

Factors that effect rate of Simple Diffusion

A 
Temp.
Molecular weight
Concentration gradient (greater the difference the faster it will diffuse)
surface area
permeability
66
Q

When endothelial cells release insulin to tissues, sperm cells release enzymes for penetrating an egg; This is an example of what process?

A

Exocytosis

Anatomy & Physiology (18 decks)

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