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Anatomy & Physiology > Module 2: Chemistry > Flashcards

Module 2: Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Define Chemistry

A

Study of smallest form of matter, Atoms & Molecules

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2
Q

Matter

A

anything that has mass and takes up space; everything with physical appearance

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3
Q

Define Atoms

A

smallest units of matter w/ unique properties

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4
Q

How many naturally-occurring varieties of atoms?

A

Approx.. 90 different atoms which we call elements

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5
Q

What are the most common elements in the human body? (C-CHINS-POP)

A

Carbon -

Calcium, Hydrogen, Iron, Nitrogen, Sodium -Phosphorus, Oxygen, Potassium

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6
Q

Name the subatomic particles of an atom

A

Protons, Neutrons, Electrons

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7
Q

Protons (location; charge; atomic mass)

A

Found in the nucleus; Positive charge; Atomic mass of 1

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8
Q

Neutrons (location; charge; atomic mass)

A

Found in nucleus; No charge; atomic mass of 1

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9
Q

Electrons (location; charge; atomic mass)

A

Found orbiting nucleus; Negative charge; No significant mass

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10
Q

Number of Protons in the nucleus of a atom is refer to as..

A

Atomic Number

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11
Q

Formula for calculating Atomic Mass

A

Protons + Neutrons = Atomic Mass

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12
Q

Element is Boron: If the atomic mass is 11, and the # of protons is 5, how many neutrons are there?

A

6 (A.M - Protons = Neutrons)

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13
Q

Describe Energy Levels: how many levels & how many electrons allowed in each

A

There are up to 7 levels; 1st level allows for 2 electrons; and levels 2-7 allows for 8 electrons; the electrons on outermost energy level are valence electrons

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14
Q

Why do electrons of an atom orbit the nucleus?

A

with a negative charge, they orbit the nucleus due to their attraction to positively charged protons

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15
Q

Valence Electrons

A

found on outermost energy level of an atom; where atoms interact with each other sharing electrons

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16
Q

When is an Atom considered neutral?

A

No electrical charge; when an atom has an equal # of protons and elections

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17
Q

If the atomic number is 7, and the atom is neutral what is the number of protons and electrons in this atom?

A

7 ; neutral atoms have equal #s of P & E

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18
Q

When is an Atom considered to be stable?

A

when an atom has a full outermost energy level; they will choose to be stable over neutral and will take valence electrons from other atoms to do so.

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19
Q

Anion

A

When an atom gains a electron to become stable, it becomes negatively charged

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20
Q

Cation

A

when losing negative electrons to become stable, it becomes positively charged

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21
Q

Molecule

A

any combination of two or more atoms bonded

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22
Q

Ionic Bond: Description & strength of bond

A

Electrons have been transferred from two atoms, making them stable, as a result one becomes (-) and the other becomes (+) causing them to have an attraction to each other; This force is moderately weak

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23
Q

Covalent Bond

A

force that keeps atoms closes enough to allow them to continue to share electrons; strongest bond

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24
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

very weak; due to unequal sharing force between partially (+) and partially (-) atoms

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25
Q

Solute

A

any substance that is placed into a liquid to be mixed; can be gases, liquids, solids

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26
Q

Solvent

A

liquid in which the solute is being placed

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27
Q

Solution

A

mixed combination of solute and solvent; need to be translucent & no evidence of settling

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28
Q

Example of Solution

A

Salt water, an electrolyte which separates into sodium and chloride ions

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29
Q

Electrolyte: Define and Describe Fxn

A

molecule that breaks up into individual ions when placed in water; helps generate electrical signals

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30
Q

5 most common electrolytes (S.P.Ca.M,.Ch)

A

Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride

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31
Q

Two type of electrolytes

A

Acids & Bases

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32
Q

Acids: Define and describe rxn with water

A

electrolytes that release H ions when placed in water aka “Hydrogen Donors”; Increases amount of free H ions in fluid Ex/ Hydrochloric acid

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33
Q

Base: Define and describe Rxn with water

A

electrolytes that accept H ions when placed in water; decreases amount of H ions in fluid

34
Q

pH Scale:

  1. describe
  2. what is it measuring?
  3. What does an increase of H ions mean for the PH level?
A
  1. levels of acidity or alkalinity (basic) 0-14,
    - 0-7 acidic; 7-14 Basic; w/ 7 being considered neutral
  2. measuring amount of free H ions present;
  3. the more H ions present the lower the pH is
35
Q

Organic Molecules

A

significant # of carbon atoms within molecules

36
Q

How do Inorganic Molecules differ from Organic molecules?

A

have no carbon

37
Q

5 key organic molcules

P.C.L.N.A

A

proteins, carbs, lipids, nucleic acids, ATP

38
Q

Carbohydrates

A

known as Sugar & starches;

primarily used for energy

39
Q

Basic structure of Carbohydrates

A

6 carbons, 12 hydrogens, 6 oxygens

40
Q

3 types (category) of Carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides

41
Q

Monosaccharides: Structure and name 3 most common

A

single ring, simplest form; Glucose, Galactose, Fructose

42
Q

Glucose

A

Monosaccharide; used most commonly for energy aka blood sugar.

43
Q

Galactose

A

Monosaccharide; differs from glucose just by location of one OH group. not as easily used in our bodies but can be easily converted to Glucose

44
Q

Fructose

A

Monosaccharide;
sugar found in fruit and honey,
converted to glucose

45
Q

Disaccharides: composition, fxn & three common types

A

two monosaccharides bonded; used for energy; Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose

46
Q

Sucrose

A

Disaccharide; cane sugar

47
Q

Lactose

A

Disaccharide; milk sugar

48
Q

Maltose

A

Disaccharide; present in grains

49
Q

Polysaccharides: composition & three common types (C.S.G)

A

long chains of monosaccharides; Cellulose, Starches, Glycogen

50
Q

Cellulose

A

Polysaccharide; sugars used by plants for structure/support.
we do not have enzymes to digest so we consume as dietary fiber

51
Q

Starches

A

Polysaccharide; used by plants to storage sugar

52
Q

Glycogen: classification, structure, fxn, location

A
  1. Polysaccharide;
  2. long chains of glucose molecules
  3. used by animals to store excess glucose for energy
  4. found in liver and muscles
53
Q

Lipids: Form (elements), Structure, characteristic

A

contain more C & H than O;
occur in linear chains or 4 rings;
hydrophobic

54
Q

4 Types of Lipids

A

Fatty Acids, Triglycerides; Phospholipids, Steroids

55
Q

Fatty Acids: Classification, Structure, fxn

A

Lipid;
linear chains (COOH);
used for energy or to assemble more complex lipids

56
Q

Saturated Fatty Acids

A

every available bond along carbon chain is with a hydrogen atom

57
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

A

if at least two of the carbon atoms have potential to bond to more hydrogen atoms but do not; instead they are forming double bonds with each other

58
Q

Triglycerides: Composition & Fxn

A

Composed of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule;
stores fatty acids
provide protection from temp. fluctuations and trauma.

59
Q

Phospholipids: Structure & Fxn

A

two fatty acids attached to a phosphate molecule; creates a hydrophobic end (fatty acid “tail”) and a hydrophilic end (phosphate “head”) - aka amphiphilic; constructs membranes in and around cells

60
Q

Steroids: Classification, Structure & Example

A

Lipid; four rings of carbon, bonded;

Ex/ cholesterol

61
Q

Cholesterol

A

Steroid; stabilizes the plasma membrane

62
Q

Proteins: Describe & list key elements

A

large molecules containing at lease 50 amino acids; consists of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

63
Q

Amino Acids

A

smallest protein-related molecule; used for communication

64
Q

How many amino acids are needed to make all the proteins in our bodies? And how many of those are considered essential?

A

20 ; 9 are considered essential meaning we need to obtain them in our diet. the rest can be produced in our bodies

65
Q

How are Amino Acids bonded?

A

by a peptide; aka peptide bond

66
Q

Peptide

A

of amino acids bonded together; used as hormones or can be bonded with more Amino Acids to make them proteins.

67
Q

name 4 examples of Amino Acids from our PPT slides

A

Methionine; Cysteine; Tyrosine; Arginine

68
Q

Keratin

A

Protein; provides toughness to skin cells

69
Q

Collagen

A

provides toughness and flexibility throughout body; most abundant protein

70
Q

Protein Receptors

A

found on surface of cells; receives specific molecules and trigger cell to respond

71
Q

Membrane Transport

A

Protein; Such as channels, gates, and pumps that control how molecules enter & exit cells

72
Q

Catalysis

A

help speed up reactions

73
Q

Enzymes

A

Proteins; they speed up reactions (catalysis)

74
Q

Antibodies

A

Protein; helps with protection by circulating in the blood & attaching to foreign materials

75
Q

Actin & Myosin

A

Protein; play a role in generation of movement within muscles.

76
Q

Main roles of proteins (S.P.C.T.R.R.C)

A 
Structure
protection
communication
transportation
rate of rxns
recognition
cell adhesion
77
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) & RNA (ribonucleic acid)

78
Q

DNA

A

long chain molecule
contains information along its length
Needed for amino acids to make proteins

79
Q

RNA

A

help interpret info from DNA molecule

80
Q

What is the primary molecule used by the body to store energy released by the breakdown of carbohydrates

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Anatomy & Physiology (18 decks)

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