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Anatomy & Physiology > Module 13 - Urinary System > Flashcards

Module 13 - Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Excretion of toxic, metabolic waste by filtering blood plasma
Regulates blood volume & pressure
Regulates electrolytes & pH levels

A

Main Fxn of the Kidneys

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2
Q

Kidneys function to regulate _____ ______ & ________ by the amount of water pulled out of or into the blood

A

blood volume & concentration

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3
Q

What do kidneys produce as a result of pulling water out of the bloodstream

A

Urine

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4
Q

If our blood volume is too high, our kidneys will determine they need to pull _____ water out of the blood and into the urine

A

more

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5
Q

If our blood volume is too low, our kidneys will determine it needs to pull _____ water out of the blood and into the urine

A

less

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6
Q

if our blood pressure is too high, our kidneys determine it needs to pull _____ water out of the blood and into the urine

A

more

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7
Q

if our blood pressure is too low, our kidneys determine it needs to pull _____ water out of the blood and into the urine, so pressure doesn’t drop further.

A

less

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8
Q

When kidneys filter blood plasma it also causes our kidneys to help eliminate …..

A

toxic materials, drugs, hormones from the body

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9
Q

What contributes to maintaining pH levels

A

electrolytes & hydrogen ions

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10
Q

electrolytes are substances that do what in water

A

separate into ions

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11
Q

In terms of pH, the acidity of a fluid is determined by the quantity of ______ _____ that are freely suspended

A

hydrogen ions

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12
Q

The kidneys are paired and posterior to the peritoneum this is aka …

A

retroperitoneal paired organ

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13
Q

Fibrous Capsule of the Kidney: structure, function and location

A

covering of fat & collagenous fibers;
binds & protects
surrounds & contains organ

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14
Q

Renal Cortex: location & feature

A

outer layer of the internal organ

contains nephrons

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15
Q

Renal Columns

A

Deeper extension of the renal cortex

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16
Q

Renal Medulla

A 
Inner layer
triangular wedges (individually called renal pyramids; 6 total)
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17
Q

Minor Calyx

A

funnel-like structure at tip of renal pyramid

Fxn to gather and collect urine

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18
Q

Major Calyx

A

two or more minor calyx(s) merging forming a larger funnel

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19
Q

Renal Pelvis: Structure & fxn

A
  • enlarged chamber fused from all calyces

- where urine formed in calyces pool to then exit the kidney via the ureter

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20
Q

Renal Hilum

A

concave region where renal artery, vein & pelvis enter the kidney

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21
Q

What is the only part of the kidney where we see tubes entering/exiting?

A

Renal Hilum

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22
Q

Renal artery

A

brings blood to the kidney

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23
Q

Blood being brought to the kidney via the ____ ____ will nourish the tissue as well as filtering ______ ______ & excess ______.

A

Renal artery;

metabolic wastes & excess electrolytes

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24
Q

Renal Vein

A

where blood leaves the kidney

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25
Q

Blood leaving the kidney via the ____ ____ has delivered _____ & ______

A

renal vein

oxygen & glucose

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26
Q

Nephron fxn

A

filters blood and produces urine

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27
Q

Nephron consists of two areas:

A

renal corpuscle & renal tubules

28
Q

renal corpuscle location

A

start of the nephron located in the renal cortex

29
Q

Name the 3 features within the renal corpuscle

A

Afferent Arteriole
Glomerulus
Glomerular Capsule

30
Q

Afferent Arteriole

A

large blood vessel bringing blood to the nephron for filtration

31
Q

Glomerulus

A

Nest-like network of capillaires

32
Q

Capillaries of the glomerulus have small holes that allow some material in blood to leak out & exit the bloodstream. Anything that didn’t leak out would go where?

A

flow out of the glomerulus into the efferent arteriole

33
Q

Glomerular capsule: structure & fxn

A

collection of cells surrounding the glomerulus

contains the leaked material from the capillaries

34
Q

Process where the material comes through the walls of the glomerular capillaries is called

A

filtration

35
Q

The material that leaks through and is captured by the glomerular capsule is called

A

glomerular filtrate

36
Q

Second region of the nephron is called

A

renal tubules

37
Q

renal tubules: location & fxn

A

located in the both renal cortex & medulla

process glomerular filtrate & converts it to urine

38
Q

proximal convoluted tubules: location & structure

A

First portion of the renal tubules; large, twisted/curved tube

39
Q

proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) made of what tissue type

A

simple cuboidal epithelium & microvilli

40
Q

proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) fxn

A

tubular reabsorption; where the body tries to reabsorb more material it may need

41
Q

Nephron loop: location & features

A

second segment of renal tubules;

has a descending limb & an ascending limb

42
Q

The U-turn of the Nephron loop (thin segment) dives deep into what region of the kidneys & is made of what tissue type

A

renal medulla;

simple squamous epithelium

43
Q

The thick segment of the Nephron loop contains what features and is made up of what tissue type?

A

Descending & Ascending Limbs

Simple cuboidal epithelium

44
Q

Simple Cuboidal cells in the thick segment fxn in ______ transport and need a lot of __________ to produce ATP

A

Active; mitochondria

45
Q

Simple squamous cells in the thin segment allow for movement of _____ & is ______ ______

A

water (through osmosis); highly permeable

46
Q

Once the tube returns to the cortex and starts to twist again is the last segment of the nephron loop. The continuation is now called

A

Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

47
Q

Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) is made of what tissue

A

Cuboidal epithelium, but has no microvilli (like the PCT)

48
Q

The DCT represent the end of the nephron as it approaches the last large tube called the..

A

Collecting duct

49
Q

Glomerular filtration rate

A

amount of filtrate formed in one minute by both kidneys

50
Q

Walls of the ureters are made up of three layers:

A

Mucosa - inner
Muscularis - middle
Adventitia - outer

51
Q

Mucosa Layer of Ureter: Location; Tissue type - starting from where to where?

A

inner; made of transitional epithelium (stretches) beginning at the minor calyces through to the bladder

52
Q

Muscularis Layer of Ureter: location, fxn, structure (how many layers)

A

middle; moves urine by peristaltic waves

made up of 2 layers of smooth muscle and becomes 3 layers when it reached the bladder

53
Q

Adventitia Layer: Location; tissue type; fxn

A

outermost; made of connective tissue

binds to surrounding tissues

54
Q

A valve found at the opening of the bladder keeps urine from backflowing into ureters is formed by a flap of

A

mucosa

55
Q

Urinary bladder: structure & name the 3 layers (inside-out)

A

large muscular sac;
Mucosa layer
Muscle layer aka detrusor
Connective tissue: Adventitia / Parietal peritoneum

56
Q

Mucosa layer of the bladder is made up of

A

transitional epithelium & rugae

57
Q

Muscle layer of the bladder is called what and composed of how many layers of _____ muscle

A

detrusor muscle

3 layers of smooth muscle

58
Q

Name the 2 segments of connective tissue that cover the bladder

A

Adventitia & Parietal Peritoneum

59
Q

Adventitia CT portion of the bladder covers

A

majority of bladder

60
Q

Parietal Peritoneum CT portion of the bladder covers

A

superior (curved) portion

61
Q

Within the bladder there is a region called ______. It is triangular shaped and formed by the entrance of both ureters & exit to the urethra.

A

Trigone

62
Q

What region is the most common site for UTIs

A

Trigone

63
Q

The elimination of urine is also called

A

Micturition reflex

64
Q

What are the four main steps of the Micturition reflex

A
  1. Filling of bladder sends message to spinal cord
  2. Spinal cord sends signal via parasympathetic fibers
  3. Signal excites the detrusor muscle to contract
  4. Signal stimulates internal urethral sphincter to relax
65
Q

What area of our brain regulates the voluntary control of the elimination of urine

A

Pons

66
Q

when the Pons stops regulating signals this causes what response?

A

external urethral sphincter to relax & urine to leave the body

Anatomy & Physiology (18 decks)

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