Module 13 - Urinary System Flashcards
Excretion of toxic, metabolic waste by filtering blood plasma
Regulates blood volume & pressure
Regulates electrolytes & pH levels
Main Fxn of the Kidneys
Kidneys function to regulate _____ ______ & ________ by the amount of water pulled out of or into the blood
blood volume & concentration
What do kidneys produce as a result of pulling water out of the bloodstream
Urine
If our blood volume is too high, our kidneys will determine they need to pull _____ water out of the blood and into the urine
more
If our blood volume is too low, our kidneys will determine it needs to pull _____ water out of the blood and into the urine
less
if our blood pressure is too high, our kidneys determine it needs to pull _____ water out of the blood and into the urine
more
if our blood pressure is too low, our kidneys determine it needs to pull _____ water out of the blood and into the urine, so pressure doesn’t drop further.
less
When kidneys filter blood plasma it also causes our kidneys to help eliminate …..
toxic materials, drugs, hormones from the body
What contributes to maintaining pH levels
electrolytes & hydrogen ions
electrolytes are substances that do what in water
separate into ions
In terms of pH, the acidity of a fluid is determined by the quantity of ______ _____ that are freely suspended
hydrogen ions
The kidneys are paired and posterior to the peritoneum this is aka …
retroperitoneal paired organ
Fibrous Capsule of the Kidney: structure, function and location
covering of fat & collagenous fibers;
binds & protects
surrounds & contains organ
Renal Cortex: location & feature
outer layer of the internal organ
contains nephrons
Renal Columns
Deeper extension of the renal cortex
Renal Medulla
Inner layer triangular wedges (individually called renal pyramids; 6 total)
Minor Calyx
funnel-like structure at tip of renal pyramid
Fxn to gather and collect urine
Major Calyx
two or more minor calyx(s) merging forming a larger funnel
Renal Pelvis: Structure & fxn
- enlarged chamber fused from all calyces
- where urine formed in calyces pool to then exit the kidney via the ureter
Renal Hilum
concave region where renal artery, vein & pelvis enter the kidney
What is the only part of the kidney where we see tubes entering/exiting?
Renal Hilum
Renal artery
brings blood to the kidney
Blood being brought to the kidney via the ____ ____ will nourish the tissue as well as filtering ______ ______ & excess ______.
Renal artery;
metabolic wastes & excess electrolytes
Renal Vein
where blood leaves the kidney
Blood leaving the kidney via the ____ ____ has delivered _____ & ______
renal vein
oxygen & glucose
Nephron fxn
filters blood and produces urine
Nephron consists of two areas:
renal corpuscle & renal tubules
renal corpuscle location
start of the nephron located in the renal cortex
Name the 3 features within the renal corpuscle
Afferent Arteriole
Glomerulus
Glomerular Capsule
Afferent Arteriole
large blood vessel bringing blood to the nephron for filtration
Glomerulus
Nest-like network of capillaires
Capillaries of the glomerulus have small holes that allow some material in blood to leak out & exit the bloodstream. Anything that didn’t leak out would go where?
flow out of the glomerulus into the efferent arteriole
Glomerular capsule: structure & fxn
collection of cells surrounding the glomerulus
contains the leaked material from the capillaries
Process where the material comes through the walls of the glomerular capillaries is called
filtration
The material that leaks through and is captured by the glomerular capsule is called
glomerular filtrate
Second region of the nephron is called
renal tubules
renal tubules: location & fxn
located in the both renal cortex & medulla
process glomerular filtrate & converts it to urine
proximal convoluted tubules: location & structure
First portion of the renal tubules; large, twisted/curved tube
proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) made of what tissue type
simple cuboidal epithelium & microvilli
proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) fxn
tubular reabsorption; where the body tries to reabsorb more material it may need
Nephron loop: location & features
second segment of renal tubules;
has a descending limb & an ascending limb
The U-turn of the Nephron loop (thin segment) dives deep into what region of the kidneys & is made of what tissue type
renal medulla;
simple squamous epithelium
The thick segment of the Nephron loop contains what features and is made up of what tissue type?
Descending & Ascending Limbs
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Simple Cuboidal cells in the thick segment fxn in ______ transport and need a lot of __________ to produce ATP
Active; mitochondria
Simple squamous cells in the thin segment allow for movement of _____ & is ______ ______
water (through osmosis); highly permeable
Once the tube returns to the cortex and starts to twist again is the last segment of the nephron loop. The continuation is now called
Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) is made of what tissue
Cuboidal epithelium, but has no microvilli (like the PCT)
The DCT represent the end of the nephron as it approaches the last large tube called the..
Collecting duct
Glomerular filtration rate
amount of filtrate formed in one minute by both kidneys
Walls of the ureters are made up of three layers:
Mucosa - inner
Muscularis - middle
Adventitia - outer
Mucosa Layer of Ureter: Location; Tissue type - starting from where to where?
inner; made of transitional epithelium (stretches) beginning at the minor calyces through to the bladder
Muscularis Layer of Ureter: location, fxn, structure (how many layers)
middle; moves urine by peristaltic waves
made up of 2 layers of smooth muscle and becomes 3 layers when it reached the bladder
Adventitia Layer: Location; tissue type; fxn
outermost; made of connective tissue
binds to surrounding tissues
A valve found at the opening of the bladder keeps urine from backflowing into ureters is formed by a flap of
mucosa
Urinary bladder: structure & name the 3 layers (inside-out)
large muscular sac;
Mucosa layer
Muscle layer aka detrusor
Connective tissue: Adventitia / Parietal peritoneum
Mucosa layer of the bladder is made up of
transitional epithelium & rugae
Muscle layer of the bladder is called what and composed of how many layers of _____ muscle
detrusor muscle
3 layers of smooth muscle
Name the 2 segments of connective tissue that cover the bladder
Adventitia & Parietal Peritoneum
Adventitia CT portion of the bladder covers
majority of bladder
Parietal Peritoneum CT portion of the bladder covers
superior (curved) portion
Within the bladder there is a region called ______. It is triangular shaped and formed by the entrance of both ureters & exit to the urethra.
Trigone
What region is the most common site for UTIs
Trigone
The elimination of urine is also called
Micturition reflex
What are the four main steps of the Micturition reflex
- Filling of bladder sends message to spinal cord
- Spinal cord sends signal via parasympathetic fibers
- Signal excites the detrusor muscle to contract
- Signal stimulates internal urethral sphincter to relax
What area of our brain regulates the voluntary control of the elimination of urine
Pons
when the Pons stops regulating signals this causes what response?
external urethral sphincter to relax & urine to leave the body
