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Biology > Modified Study EXAM 3 > Flashcards

Modified Study EXAM 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Transcription Factors and Activators

What do they do and why are they needed

A

Transcription factors are made of proteins that bind to DNA at the promotor to help guide RNA polymerase so that transcription can occur
Activators can increase the speed of transcription

These are needed to speed up transcription. Without them, and with billions of cells this process could take a long time. With these factors it takes about 8 hours

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2
Q

How is mRNA translation regulated

A

For translation to begin, the ribosome, an RNA-and-protein complex that houses translation must assemble on the mRNA (with the help of “helper” proteins)

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3
Q

Regulation on a protein level

A

“edits” such as removal of amino acids or chemical modification is needed for the protein to become active (can also change activity and behavior)

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4
Q

How do signals from other cells regulate gene expression

A

During development, signals determine what a cell becomes. Then they help coordinate growth and daily functions

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5
Q

What is electrophoresis

A

Electric charge that separates DNA segments by size. Smaller = more movement

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6
Q

Steps of Genetic Engineering

A

Recombinant DNA contains DNA from 2 or more organisms

A vector is used to carry foreign DNA
Restriction Enzymes cut DNA at specific sites to create sticky ends
DNA ligase is used to join pieces of DNA together

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7
Q

Commonly used Vector?

A

Bacterial Plasmid

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8
Q

Steps of Polymerase Chain Reaction

A

Denaturation
Annealing
Extension

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9
Q

What is Denaturation in the Polymerase chain reaction

A

DNA is heated so it becomes single stranded

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10
Q

What is Annealing in the polymerase chain reaction

A

Nucleotide primer hybridizes to each of the single DNA strands

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11
Q

What is Extension in the polymerase chain reaction

A

DNA polymerase adds complimentary bases to each of the single DNA strands

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12
Q

What is the point of the Polymerase Chain Reaction

A

To create billions of copies of a segment of DNA in a short amount of time

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13
Q

What is a transgenic organism

A

An organism that has had a gene from another species inserted into its genome

They can produce biotech products such as insulin and vaccinations

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14
Q

Genomics

A

The study of an entire set of DNA sequences in an organism

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15
Q

Proteonomics

A

The study of the structure and function of cellular proteins and how they interact to produce traits

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16
Q

Bioinformatics

A

The use of technology to study the genome and proteome

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17
Q

Who influenced Darwin

A 
Cuvier
Malthus
Lyell
Lamarck
Wallace
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18
Q

How did Malthus influence Darwin

A

He proposed that populations grow faster than the resources they depend on which causes the weakest members to get killed off

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19
Q

How did Lyell influence Darwin

A

He proposed that geological processes have gradually shaped earths surface, proposing that the earth must be far older than originally thought

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20
Q

How did Lamarck influence Darwin

A

Proposed species change over time by inheritance of acquired characteristics

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21
Q

How did Wallace influence Darwin

A

Confirmed Darwins ideas on evolution

22
Q

How did Cuvier influence Darwin

A

Cuvier indicated that evolution only happens after a catastrophic event. Mass extinction occurs in one area and creatures from surrounding areas move into that area

23
Q

Darwins conclusions

A

Common Decent
Gradualism
Population Speciation
Natural Selection

24
Q

Common Decent Conclusion

A

All diversity on earth emerged out of the evolution from one or a few common ancestors

25
Q

Gradualism Conclusion

A

Evolution is a slow process and the world is much older than previously thought

26
Q

Population Speciation Conclusion

A

Change in a species occurs as hereditary characteristics shift

27
Q

Natural Selection Conclusion

A

Competition is a reason a species may succeed or not. They must be able to adapt to the environment and the strongest will reproduce more

28
Q

Lamarck vs Darwin

A

Lamarck proposed that changes occured in a species from acquired traits
Darwin proposed that changes occured in a species due to no will of their own and natural selection

DARWIN IS SUPPORTED BY GENETICS

29
Q

What does Natural Selection Require

A

Inheritance
Variation
Degreed of successful reproduction

30
Q

Types of Selections

A

Directional
Stabilizing
Disruptive

31
Q

Directional Selection

A

This occurs when an extreme phenotype is favored. This leads to a dramatic shift in phenotypes.

EX: Giraffes necks getting longer to reach the trees

32
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A

This occurs when an intermediate or average phenotype is favored.

EX: Starlings produce 4-5 eggs due to it having the best survival rate for the young

33
Q

Disruptive Selection

A

This occurs when 2 phenotypes are favored. This can ultimately lead to speciation.

EX: British land snail come in two shell colors. The light shells get eaten in the forest and the dark shells get eaten in the fields.

34
Q

Microevolution

A

Changes that happen within a species from generation to generation

35
Q

5 Causes of Microevolution

A 
Gene Flow
Genetic Mutation
Non-Random Mating
Genetic Drift
Natural Selection
36
Q

What is Gene Flow

A

The migration of breeding individuals causing a movement of alleles among populations

37
Q

What is Genetic Mutation

A

Ultimate source for new allele variation

38
Q

What is Non-Random Mating

A

Selection of a Mate due to phenotype not chance

39
Q

What is Genetic Drift

A

Changes in the allele frequencies due to chance

40
Q

Assumptions of Hardy Weinberg

A 
No mutations
No genetic Drift
A closed population
Random Mating Patterns
No Natural selection
41
Q

Macroevolution

A

Evolution on a large scale, within a species over a long period of time. This can result in speciation

42
Q

What is a species

A

Individuals that interbreed, have a shared gene pool, and are re productively isolated from other species

43
Q

How are new species produced

A

Usually species are produced by the splitting of a single species (speciation)

44
Q

Linnean Classification

A 
8 Taxa
Binomial system (Genus and a specific epithet)
45
Q

Cladistic Classification

A

Graph that is used to trace evolutionary history by using shared traits that derive from a common ancestor

46
Q

Data in a phylogenetic Tree

A

A tree that indicated common ancestors and lines of decent.

The common ancestor at the bottom of the tree has traits shared by all other organisms in the tree

47
Q

What is a homologous structure

A

Anatomically similar structures that are explainable from a common ancestor

48
Q

What is an anatomical structure

A

Structures that serve the same purpose but are not constructed similarly (Bird and insect wings)

49
Q

What is a vestigial structure

A

Anatomical features that are developed in one group of organisms but non functional and reduced in another similar group
Evidence of evolution

50
Q

How does molecular evidence support evolution

A

Scientists can compare the amino acid sequence in proteins to determine the degree to which any two groups of organisms are related

51
Q

Major structural differences between humans and chimpanzees

A

CHIMPS: Sagittal crest, Potruding maxilla and mandible, Large canines

HUMANS, smaller canines, Foramen magnum underneath skull, no sagittal crest, flatter supraorbital crest

52
Q

How hominids evolved over time

A

Lost sagittal crest. Suprorbital ridge became smaller, frontal bone became rounder, canines became less shapr

Biology (32 decks)

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