Modified Study EXAM 3 Flashcards
Transcription Factors and Activators
What do they do and why are they needed
Transcription factors are made of proteins that bind to DNA at the promotor to help guide RNA polymerase so that transcription can occur
Activators can increase the speed of transcription
These are needed to speed up transcription. Without them, and with billions of cells this process could take a long time. With these factors it takes about 8 hours
How is mRNA translation regulated
For translation to begin, the ribosome, an RNA-and-protein complex that houses translation must assemble on the mRNA (with the help of “helper” proteins)
Regulation on a protein level
“edits” such as removal of amino acids or chemical modification is needed for the protein to become active (can also change activity and behavior)
How do signals from other cells regulate gene expression
During development, signals determine what a cell becomes. Then they help coordinate growth and daily functions
What is electrophoresis
Electric charge that separates DNA segments by size. Smaller = more movement
Steps of Genetic Engineering
Recombinant DNA contains DNA from 2 or more organisms
A vector is used to carry foreign DNA
Restriction Enzymes cut DNA at specific sites to create sticky ends
DNA ligase is used to join pieces of DNA together
Commonly used Vector?
Bacterial Plasmid
Steps of Polymerase Chain Reaction
Denaturation
Annealing
Extension
What is Denaturation in the Polymerase chain reaction
DNA is heated so it becomes single stranded
What is Annealing in the polymerase chain reaction
Nucleotide primer hybridizes to each of the single DNA strands
What is Extension in the polymerase chain reaction
DNA polymerase adds complimentary bases to each of the single DNA strands
What is the point of the Polymerase Chain Reaction
To create billions of copies of a segment of DNA in a short amount of time
What is a transgenic organism
An organism that has had a gene from another species inserted into its genome
They can produce biotech products such as insulin and vaccinations
Genomics
The study of an entire set of DNA sequences in an organism
Proteonomics
The study of the structure and function of cellular proteins and how they interact to produce traits
Bioinformatics
The use of technology to study the genome and proteome
Who influenced Darwin
Cuvier Malthus Lyell Lamarck Wallace
How did Malthus influence Darwin
He proposed that populations grow faster than the resources they depend on which causes the weakest members to get killed off
How did Lyell influence Darwin
He proposed that geological processes have gradually shaped earths surface, proposing that the earth must be far older than originally thought
How did Lamarck influence Darwin
Proposed species change over time by inheritance of acquired characteristics
How did Wallace influence Darwin
Confirmed Darwins ideas on evolution
How did Cuvier influence Darwin
Cuvier indicated that evolution only happens after a catastrophic event. Mass extinction occurs in one area and creatures from surrounding areas move into that area
Darwins conclusions
Common Decent
Gradualism
Population Speciation
Natural Selection
Common Decent Conclusion
All diversity on earth emerged out of the evolution from one or a few common ancestors
Gradualism Conclusion
Evolution is a slow process and the world is much older than previously thought
Population Speciation Conclusion
Change in a species occurs as hereditary characteristics shift
Natural Selection Conclusion
Competition is a reason a species may succeed or not. They must be able to adapt to the environment and the strongest will reproduce more
Lamarck vs Darwin
Lamarck proposed that changes occured in a species from acquired traits
Darwin proposed that changes occured in a species due to no will of their own and natural selection
DARWIN IS SUPPORTED BY GENETICS
What does Natural Selection Require
Inheritance
Variation
Degreed of successful reproduction
Types of Selections
Directional
Stabilizing
Disruptive
Directional Selection
This occurs when an extreme phenotype is favored. This leads to a dramatic shift in phenotypes.
EX: Giraffes necks getting longer to reach the trees
Stabilizing Selection
This occurs when an intermediate or average phenotype is favored.
EX: Starlings produce 4-5 eggs due to it having the best survival rate for the young
Disruptive Selection
This occurs when 2 phenotypes are favored. This can ultimately lead to speciation.
EX: British land snail come in two shell colors. The light shells get eaten in the forest and the dark shells get eaten in the fields.
Microevolution
Changes that happen within a species from generation to generation
5 Causes of Microevolution
Gene Flow Genetic Mutation Non-Random Mating Genetic Drift Natural Selection
What is Gene Flow
The migration of breeding individuals causing a movement of alleles among populations
What is Genetic Mutation
Ultimate source for new allele variation
What is Non-Random Mating
Selection of a Mate due to phenotype not chance
What is Genetic Drift
Changes in the allele frequencies due to chance
Assumptions of Hardy Weinberg
No mutations No genetic Drift A closed population Random Mating Patterns No Natural selection
Macroevolution
Evolution on a large scale, within a species over a long period of time. This can result in speciation
What is a species
Individuals that interbreed, have a shared gene pool, and are re productively isolated from other species
How are new species produced
Usually species are produced by the splitting of a single species (speciation)
Linnean Classification
8 Taxa Binomial system (Genus and a specific epithet)
Cladistic Classification
Graph that is used to trace evolutionary history by using shared traits that derive from a common ancestor
Data in a phylogenetic Tree
A tree that indicated common ancestors and lines of decent.
The common ancestor at the bottom of the tree has traits shared by all other organisms in the tree
What is a homologous structure
Anatomically similar structures that are explainable from a common ancestor
What is an anatomical structure
Structures that serve the same purpose but are not constructed similarly (Bird and insect wings)
What is a vestigial structure
Anatomical features that are developed in one group of organisms but non functional and reduced in another similar group
Evidence of evolution
How does molecular evidence support evolution
Scientists can compare the amino acid sequence in proteins to determine the degree to which any two groups of organisms are related
Major structural differences between humans and chimpanzees
CHIMPS: Sagittal crest, Potruding maxilla and mandible, Large canines
HUMANS, smaller canines, Foramen magnum underneath skull, no sagittal crest, flatter supraorbital crest
How hominids evolved over time
Lost sagittal crest. Suprorbital ridge became smaller, frontal bone became rounder, canines became less shapr
