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Biology > Exam 3 Ch. 11 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Ch. 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

Structural Elements of DNA

A

Nitrogenous base
5 carbon sugar
Phosphate group
Double helix

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2
Q

What are the nitrogenous bases of DNA

A

Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine

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3
Q

Structural Elements of RNA

A

Nitrogenous base
Ribose
Phosphate group
Single stranded

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4
Q

Nitrogenous bases of RNA

A

Adenine
Uricil
Guanine
Cytosine

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5
Q

Semi Conservative DNA Replication

A

Parent strand is unwound and separated (Helicase)
New strands form through complimentary base pairing (DNA Polymerase)
DNA Ligase seals any breaks in sugar-phosphate backbone
New DNA will be half an old strand, half a new strand

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6
Q

Enzymes involved in DNA Replication

A

Helicase
DNA Polymerase
DNA Ligase

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7
Q

Helicase

A

Unwinding enzyme

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8
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

Binding enzyme

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9
Q

DNA Ligase

A

Stitches breaks in DNA after replication

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10
Q

Semiconservative means

A

Each new DNA molecule is made of one parent template strand and one new strand

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11
Q

3 Types of RNA

A

mRNA (Messanger)
tRNA (Transfer)
rRNA (Ribosomal)

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12
Q

mRNA

A

carries genetic information to ribosomes

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13
Q

tRNA

A

transfers amino acids to ribosomes

(Each tRNA can only carry one type of amino acids)

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14
Q

rRNA

A

joins with proteins to form ribosome subunits

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15
Q

Transcription

A

Complimentary mRNA is made from a DNA template
Portion of DNA unwinds and unzips at the point of attachment of RNA polymerase
Bases join in the order dictated by the sequence of bases in the template (using U instead of T)

DNA is copied into mRNA

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16
Q

What strand of DNA is used in transcription

A

Template

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17
Q

Enzyme involved in Transcription

A

RNA Polymerase

18
Q

mRNA Processing

A

Addition of Poly-A tail and cap
Introns removed
Alternative splicing can produce different versions of mRNA leading to different proteins
Mature mRNA leaves nucleus and binds with ribosome in cytoplasm

19
Q

Translation

A

tRNA brings in amino acids
Each codon codes for a specific amino acid to form a polypeptide chain

After translation a protein contains the sequence of amino acids originally specified in DNA

Process by which a protein is synthesized from the information contained in a molecule of mRNA

20
Q

Enzyme used in Translation

A

Ribosomes

21
Q

Splicing

A

Introns are removed and exons are joined together which can produce different versions of mRNA leading to different proteins

22
Q

Where does splicing occur

A

In the nucleus immediately after transcription

23
Q

What is an Operon

A

A cluster of bacterial genes that can be selectively expressed and repressed

24
Q

Where is an operon located

A

Bacteria

25
Q

Transcription factors

A

DNA binding proteins that help RNA polymerase bind to a promoter

26
Q

Similarities between DNA and RNA

A

Both nucleic acids
Composed of nucleotides
Sugar-phosphate backbone
4 different bases

27
Q

Differences in DNA and RNA

A 
DNA:
Double Stranded
A T C G
Genetic Material 
Deoxyribose

RNA:
Single stranded
A U C G
Ribose

28
Q

Promoter

A

Where RNA Polymerase binds prior to transcription

29
Q

RNA Polymerase

A

binds nucleotides in trasncription

30
Q

Does transcription or translation come first?

A

Transcription done by mRNA

31
Q

Primary RNA

A

Before mRNA undergoes processing

32
Q

Mature RNA

A

After mRNA undergoes processing

33
Q

Introns

A

Segments of DNA that do not code for proteins

34
Q

Splicing

A

Removing introns and binding exons

35
Q

3 phases of translation

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

36
Q

Initiation

A

Brings all translation components together

37
Q

Elongation

A

Polypeptide chain increases in length one amino acid at a time

38
Q

Termination

A

When stop codon appears

39
Q

Which direction are new nucleotides added

A

5–3

40
Q

What are transcription factors

A

DNA binding proteins that help RNA polymerase bind to a promoter

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